Kadın İnfertilitesine Yaklaşım
Özet
İnfertilite değerlendirmesine genellikle 35 yaş altı kadınlarda bir yıl düzenli korunmasız cinsel ilişki sonrasında, 35 yaş ve üzeri kadınlarda ise altı ay korunmasız cinsel ilişki sonrasında hala gebelik meydana gelmemesi durumunda başlanır. Bununla birlikte, 40 yaş ve üzeri kadınlarda ve düzensiz adet döngüsü olan veya endometriozis, pelvik inflamatuar hastalık öyküsü, pelvik cerrahi öyküsü veya üreme sistemi malformasyonları veya bilinen erkek infertilite gibi infertilite için bilinen risk faktörleri olan kadınlarda değerlendirme daha erken başlatılabilir.
Infertility evaluation generally begins if pregnancy does not occur after one year of unprotected sexual intercourse for people under the age of 35, and after six months of unprotected sexual intercourse for those over the age of 35. However, evaluation may be initiated earlier if people are over 40 years of age with changes in menstruation or have known risk factors for infertility such as endometriosis, history of pelvic inflammatory disease, history of pelvic surgery, or reproductive malformations or known male infertility.
Referanslar
Hampden-Thompson G, Galindo C. School–family relationships, school satisfaction and the academic achievement of young people. Educational Review. Routledge; 2017;69(2): 248–265.doi:10.1080/00131911.2016.1207613
Ahmed AF, Gabr AH, Emara AA, et al. Factors predicting the spontaneous passage of a ureteric calculus of ≤10 mm. Arab Journal of Urology. Arab Association of Urology; 2015;13(2): 84–90. doi: 10.1016/j.aju.2014.11.004
Nal M. Hastanelerde acil yardım ve afet yönetimi. Ankara: Akademisyen Yayınevi; 2018.
Kline BR. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling.. 2nd ed. NY: Guilford Press; 2005.
Demirhindi H. Çocuk Sağlığı. In: Akbaba M (ed.) Temel Halk Sağlığı. Ankara: Akademisyen Kitabevi; 2017. p. 213–231.
Suldo SM, Batema L, Gelly CD. Understanding and promoting school satisfaction in adolescence In: Furlong MJ, Gilman ES, Huebner (eds.) Handbook of positive psychology in schools. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge; 2014. p. 365–380.
TÜİK. Hanehalkı bilişim teknolojileri kullanım araştırması 2014. (16/06/2015 tarihinde http://tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=16198 adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Walker M, Tobler K. Female Infertility. StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2022.
Guttmacher AF. Factors affecting normal expectancy of conception. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1956;161(9):855-60.
Dishuck CF, Perchik JD, Porter KK, Gunn DD. Advanced imaging in female infertility. Current Urology Reports. 2019;20:1-5.
Conception WSGoRAiMA, Organization WH. Recent advances in medically assisted conception: report of a WHO scientific group. 1992.
Hull M, Glazener C, Kelly N, Conway D, Foster P, Hinton R, et al. Population study of causes, treatment, and outcome of infertility. British medical journal (Clinical research ed). 1985;291(6510):1693.
Choi R, Park W, Chun G, Lee SG, Lee EH. Investigation of the Prevalence of Diminished Ovarian Reserve in Korean Women of Reproductive Age. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023;12(15):5099.
Boivin J, Bunting L, Collins JA, Nygren KG. International estimates of infertility prevalence and treatment-seeking: potential need and demand for infertility medical care. Human reproduction. 2007;22(6):1506-12.
Chandra A, Copen CE, Stephen EH. Infertility and impaired fecundity in the United States, 1982-2010: data from the National Survey of Family Growth: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and …; 2013.
Mascarenhas MN, Flaxman SR, Boerma T, Vanderpoel S, Stevens GA. National, regional, and global trends in infertility prevalence since 1990: a systematic analysis of 277 health surveys. PLoS medicine. 2012;9(12):e1001356.
HAMILTON JR CR, HENKIN RI, WEIR G, KLIMAN B. Olfactory status and response to clomiphene in male gonadotrophin deficiency. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1973;78(1):47-55.
BELL J, Spitz I, Slonim A, Perlman A, Segal S, Palti Z, et al. Heterogeneity of gonadotropin response to LHRH in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 1973;36(4):791-4.
Santoro N, Wierman M, Filicori M, Crowley W, editors. The spectrum of abnormal patterns of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion in hypothalamic amenorrhea. CLINICAL RESEARCH; 1984: SLACK INC 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA.
Ackerman KE, Patel KT, Guereca G, Pierce L, Herzog DB, Misra M. Cortisol secretory parameters in young exercisers in relation to LH secretion and bone parameters. Clinical endocrinology. 2013;78(1):114-9.
Perkins RB, Hall JE, Martin KA. Neuroendocrine abnormalities in hypothalamic amenorrhea: spectrum, stability, and response to neurotransmitter modulation. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 1999;84(6):1905-11.
Al‐Inany H, Aboulghar M, Mansour R, Serour G. Meta‐analysis of recombinant versus urinary‐derived FSH: an update. Human Reproduction. 2003;18(2):305-13.
Group REASPCW. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long‐term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Human reproduction. 2004;19(1):41-7.
Fauser BC, van Heusden AM. Manipulation of human ovarian function: physiological concepts and clinical consequences. Endocrine reviews. 1997;18(1):71-106.
Baker T. A quantitative and cytological study of germ cells in human ovaries. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences. 1963;158(972):417-33.
Markstrom E, Svensson E, Shao R, Svanberg B, Billig H. Survival factors regulating ovarian apoptosis--dependence on follicle differentiation. Reproduction. 2002;123(1):23-30.
Block E. Quantitative morphological investigations of the follicular system in women. Acta anatomica. 1952;14(1-2):108-23.
Gougeon A. Caractères qualitatifs et quantitatifs de la population folliculaire dans. Contraception-fertilité-sexualité. 1984;12(3):527-35.
Baird DD, Wilcox AJ. Cigarette smoking associated with delayed conception. Jama. 1985;253(20):2979-83.
Howe G, Westhoff C, Vessey M, Yeates D. Effects of age, cigarette smoking, and other factors on fertility: findings in a large prospective study. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 1986;41(3):172-5.
Kuliev A, Cieslak J, Verlinsky Y. Frequency and distribution of chromosome abnormalities in human oocytes. Cytogenetic and genome research. 2005;111(3-4):193-8.
Warburton D. Biological aging and the etiology of aneuploidy. Cytogenetic and genome research. 2005;111(3-4):266-72.
Te Velde ER, Pearson PL. The variability of female reproductive ageing. Human reproduction update. 2002;8(2):141-54.
Coulam CB, Adamson SC, Annegers JF. Incidence of premature ovarian failure. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 1986;67(4):604-6.
Mattison D, Evans M, Schwimmer W, White B, Jensen B, Schulman J. Familial premature ovarian failure. American Journal of Human Genetics. 1984;36(6):1341.
Nelson LM. Primary ovarian insufficiency. New England Journal of Medicine. 2009;360(6):606-14.
Stern JE, Liu C-L, Cui X, Cabral HJ, Farland LV, Coddington C, et al. Assisted reproductive technology treatment increases obstetric and neonatal risks over that of the underlying infertility diagnosis. Fertility and Sterility. 2022;117(6):1223-34.
Seppälä M, Ranta T, Hirvonen E. Hyperprolactinaemia and luteal insufficiency. The Lancet. 1976;307(7953):229-30.
Witz CA, Burns WN. Endometriosis and infertility: is there a cause and effect relationship? Gynecologic and obstetric investigation. 2002;53(Suppl. 1):2-11.
Medicine PCotASfR. Committee opinion: role of tubal surgery in the era of assisted reproductive technology. Fertility and sterility. 2012;97(3):539-45.
Weström L, Joesoef R, Reynolds G, Hagdu A, Thompson SE. Pelvic inflammatory disease and fertility: a cohort study of 1,844 women with laparoscopically verified disease and 657 control women with normal laparoscopic results. Sexually transmitted diseases. 1992:185-92.
Westroem L. Incidence, prevalence, and trends of acute pelvic inflammatory disease and its consequences in industrialized countries. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 1980;138(7):880-92.
Pritts EA. Fibroids and infertility: a systematic review of the evidence. Obstetrical & gynecological survey. 2001;56(8):483-91.
Iosif CS, Åkerlund M. Fibromyomas and uterine activity. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1983;62(2):165-7.
Chan Y, Jayaprakasan K, Zamora J, Thornton J, Raine-Fenning N, Coomarasamy A. The prevalence of congenital uterine anomalies in unselected and high-risk populations: a systematic review. Human reproduction update. 2011;17(6):761-71.
Scarpa B, Dunson DB, Colombo B. Cervical mucus secretions on the day of intercourse: an accurate marker of highly fertile days. European journal of obstetrics & gynecology and reproductive biology. 2006;125(1):72-8.
Robinson JE, Wakelin M, Ellis JE. Increased pregnancy rate with use of the Clearblue Easy Fertility Monitor. Fertility and sterility. 2007;87(2):329-34.
Bigelow JL, Dunson DB, Stanford JB, Ecochard R, Gnoth C, Colombo B. Mucus observations in the fertile window: a better predictor of conception than timing of intercourse. Human Reproduction. 2004;19(4):889-92.
Nasseri A, Mukherjee T, Grifo JA, Noyes N, Krey L, Copperman AB. Elevated day 3 serum follicle stimulating hormone and/or estradiol may predict fetal aneuploidy. Fertility and sterility. 1999;71(4):715-8.
Scott Jr RT, Hofmann GE, Oehninger S, Muasher SJ. Intercycle variability of day 3 follicle-stimulating hormone levels and its effect on stimulation quality in in vitro fertilization. Fertility and sterility. 1990;54(2):297-302.
Scott RT, Toner JP, Muasher SJ, Oehninger S, Robinson S, Rosenwaks Z. Follicle-stimulating hormone levels on cycle day 3 are predictive of in vitro fertilization outcome. Fertility and sterility. 1989;51(4):651-4.
Kevenaar ME, Meerasahib MF, Kramer P, van de Lang-Born BM, de Jong FH, Groome NP, et al. Serum anti-mullerian hormone levels reflect the size of the primordial follicle pool in mice. Endocrinology. 2006;147(7):3228-34.
Toner JP, Seifer DB. Why we may abandon basal follicle-stimulating hormone testing: a sea change in determining ovarian reserve using antimüllerian hormone. Fertility and sterility. 2013;99(7):1825-30.
Swart P, Mol BW, van der Veen F, van Beurden M, Redekop WK, Bossuyt PM. The accuracy of hysterosalpingography in the diagnosis of tubal pathology: a meta-analysis. Fertility and sterility. 1995;64(3):486-91.
Mol BW, Swart P, Bossuyt PM, Van Beurden M, Van Der Veen F. Reproducibility of the interpretation of hysterosalpingography in the diagnosis of tubal pathology. Human Reproduction. 1996;11(6):1204-8.
Collins JA. A couple with infertility. JAMA. 1995;274(14):1159-64.
Balmaceda JP, Ciuffardi I. Hysteroscopy and assisted reproductive technology. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 1995;22(3):507-18.
Mollo A, De Franciscis P, Colacurci N, Cobellis L, Perino A, Venezia R, et al. Hysteroscopic resection of the septum improves the pregnancy rate of women with unexplained infertility: a prospective controlled trial. Fertility and sterility. 2009;91(6):2628-31.
Bingol B, Gunenc Z, Gedikbasi A, Guner H, Tasdemir S, Tiras B. Comparison of diagnostic accuracy of saline infusion sonohysterography, transvaginal sonography and hysteroscopy. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2011;31(1):54-8.
Dhumale H, Desai B, Pujar Y, Sherigar B, Patted S. Comparative evaluation of saline infusion sonohysterography and hysterolaparoscopy for diagnosis of uterine cavity abnormalities and tubal patency in infertility: a one year cross-sectional study. Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2012;2:133-5.
Hajishaiha M, Ghasemi-Rad M, Karimpour N, Mladkova N, Boromand F. Transvaginal sonographic evaluation at different menstrual cycle phases in diagnosis of uterine lesions. International Journal of Women's Health. 2011:353-7.
Van Dongen H, De Kroon C, Van den Tillaart S, Louwé L, Trimbos‐Kemper G, Jansen F. A randomised comparison of vaginoscopic office hysteroscopy and saline infusion sonography: a patient compliance study. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2008;115(10):1232-7.
Ahmed AF, Gabr AH, Emara AA, et al. Factors predicting the spontaneous passage of a ureteric calculus of ≤10 mm. Arab Journal of Urology. Arab Association of Urology; 2015;13(2): 84–90. doi: 10.1016/j.aju.2014.11.004
Nal M. Hastanelerde acil yardım ve afet yönetimi. Ankara: Akademisyen Yayınevi; 2018.
Kline BR. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling.. 2nd ed. NY: Guilford Press; 2005.
Demirhindi H. Çocuk Sağlığı. In: Akbaba M (ed.) Temel Halk Sağlığı. Ankara: Akademisyen Kitabevi; 2017. p. 213–231.
Suldo SM, Batema L, Gelly CD. Understanding and promoting school satisfaction in adolescence In: Furlong MJ, Gilman ES, Huebner (eds.) Handbook of positive psychology in schools. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge; 2014. p. 365–380.
TÜİK. Hanehalkı bilişim teknolojileri kullanım araştırması 2014. (16/06/2015 tarihinde http://tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=16198 adresinden ulaşılmıştır).
Walker M, Tobler K. Female Infertility. StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2022.
Guttmacher AF. Factors affecting normal expectancy of conception. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1956;161(9):855-60.
Dishuck CF, Perchik JD, Porter KK, Gunn DD. Advanced imaging in female infertility. Current Urology Reports. 2019;20:1-5.
Conception WSGoRAiMA, Organization WH. Recent advances in medically assisted conception: report of a WHO scientific group. 1992.
Hull M, Glazener C, Kelly N, Conway D, Foster P, Hinton R, et al. Population study of causes, treatment, and outcome of infertility. British medical journal (Clinical research ed). 1985;291(6510):1693.
Choi R, Park W, Chun G, Lee SG, Lee EH. Investigation of the Prevalence of Diminished Ovarian Reserve in Korean Women of Reproductive Age. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2023;12(15):5099.
Boivin J, Bunting L, Collins JA, Nygren KG. International estimates of infertility prevalence and treatment-seeking: potential need and demand for infertility medical care. Human reproduction. 2007;22(6):1506-12.
Chandra A, Copen CE, Stephen EH. Infertility and impaired fecundity in the United States, 1982-2010: data from the National Survey of Family Growth: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and …; 2013.
Mascarenhas MN, Flaxman SR, Boerma T, Vanderpoel S, Stevens GA. National, regional, and global trends in infertility prevalence since 1990: a systematic analysis of 277 health surveys. PLoS medicine. 2012;9(12):e1001356.
HAMILTON JR CR, HENKIN RI, WEIR G, KLIMAN B. Olfactory status and response to clomiphene in male gonadotrophin deficiency. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1973;78(1):47-55.
BELL J, Spitz I, Slonim A, Perlman A, Segal S, Palti Z, et al. Heterogeneity of gonadotropin response to LHRH in hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 1973;36(4):791-4.
Santoro N, Wierman M, Filicori M, Crowley W, editors. The spectrum of abnormal patterns of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion in hypothalamic amenorrhea. CLINICAL RESEARCH; 1984: SLACK INC 6900 GROVE RD, THOROFARE, NJ 08086 USA.
Ackerman KE, Patel KT, Guereca G, Pierce L, Herzog DB, Misra M. Cortisol secretory parameters in young exercisers in relation to LH secretion and bone parameters. Clinical endocrinology. 2013;78(1):114-9.
Perkins RB, Hall JE, Martin KA. Neuroendocrine abnormalities in hypothalamic amenorrhea: spectrum, stability, and response to neurotransmitter modulation. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 1999;84(6):1905-11.
Al‐Inany H, Aboulghar M, Mansour R, Serour G. Meta‐analysis of recombinant versus urinary‐derived FSH: an update. Human Reproduction. 2003;18(2):305-13.
Group REASPCW. Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long‐term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Human reproduction. 2004;19(1):41-7.
Fauser BC, van Heusden AM. Manipulation of human ovarian function: physiological concepts and clinical consequences. Endocrine reviews. 1997;18(1):71-106.
Baker T. A quantitative and cytological study of germ cells in human ovaries. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences. 1963;158(972):417-33.
Markstrom E, Svensson E, Shao R, Svanberg B, Billig H. Survival factors regulating ovarian apoptosis--dependence on follicle differentiation. Reproduction. 2002;123(1):23-30.
Block E. Quantitative morphological investigations of the follicular system in women. Acta anatomica. 1952;14(1-2):108-23.
Gougeon A. Caractères qualitatifs et quantitatifs de la population folliculaire dans. Contraception-fertilité-sexualité. 1984;12(3):527-35.
Baird DD, Wilcox AJ. Cigarette smoking associated with delayed conception. Jama. 1985;253(20):2979-83.
Howe G, Westhoff C, Vessey M, Yeates D. Effects of age, cigarette smoking, and other factors on fertility: findings in a large prospective study. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey. 1986;41(3):172-5.
Kuliev A, Cieslak J, Verlinsky Y. Frequency and distribution of chromosome abnormalities in human oocytes. Cytogenetic and genome research. 2005;111(3-4):193-8.
Warburton D. Biological aging and the etiology of aneuploidy. Cytogenetic and genome research. 2005;111(3-4):266-72.
Te Velde ER, Pearson PL. The variability of female reproductive ageing. Human reproduction update. 2002;8(2):141-54.
Coulam CB, Adamson SC, Annegers JF. Incidence of premature ovarian failure. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 1986;67(4):604-6.
Mattison D, Evans M, Schwimmer W, White B, Jensen B, Schulman J. Familial premature ovarian failure. American Journal of Human Genetics. 1984;36(6):1341.
Nelson LM. Primary ovarian insufficiency. New England Journal of Medicine. 2009;360(6):606-14.
Stern JE, Liu C-L, Cui X, Cabral HJ, Farland LV, Coddington C, et al. Assisted reproductive technology treatment increases obstetric and neonatal risks over that of the underlying infertility diagnosis. Fertility and Sterility. 2022;117(6):1223-34.
Seppälä M, Ranta T, Hirvonen E. Hyperprolactinaemia and luteal insufficiency. The Lancet. 1976;307(7953):229-30.
Witz CA, Burns WN. Endometriosis and infertility: is there a cause and effect relationship? Gynecologic and obstetric investigation. 2002;53(Suppl. 1):2-11.
Medicine PCotASfR. Committee opinion: role of tubal surgery in the era of assisted reproductive technology. Fertility and sterility. 2012;97(3):539-45.
Weström L, Joesoef R, Reynolds G, Hagdu A, Thompson SE. Pelvic inflammatory disease and fertility: a cohort study of 1,844 women with laparoscopically verified disease and 657 control women with normal laparoscopic results. Sexually transmitted diseases. 1992:185-92.
Westroem L. Incidence, prevalence, and trends of acute pelvic inflammatory disease and its consequences in industrialized countries. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology. 1980;138(7):880-92.
Pritts EA. Fibroids and infertility: a systematic review of the evidence. Obstetrical & gynecological survey. 2001;56(8):483-91.
Iosif CS, Åkerlund M. Fibromyomas and uterine activity. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 1983;62(2):165-7.
Chan Y, Jayaprakasan K, Zamora J, Thornton J, Raine-Fenning N, Coomarasamy A. The prevalence of congenital uterine anomalies in unselected and high-risk populations: a systematic review. Human reproduction update. 2011;17(6):761-71.
Scarpa B, Dunson DB, Colombo B. Cervical mucus secretions on the day of intercourse: an accurate marker of highly fertile days. European journal of obstetrics & gynecology and reproductive biology. 2006;125(1):72-8.
Robinson JE, Wakelin M, Ellis JE. Increased pregnancy rate with use of the Clearblue Easy Fertility Monitor. Fertility and sterility. 2007;87(2):329-34.
Bigelow JL, Dunson DB, Stanford JB, Ecochard R, Gnoth C, Colombo B. Mucus observations in the fertile window: a better predictor of conception than timing of intercourse. Human Reproduction. 2004;19(4):889-92.
Nasseri A, Mukherjee T, Grifo JA, Noyes N, Krey L, Copperman AB. Elevated day 3 serum follicle stimulating hormone and/or estradiol may predict fetal aneuploidy. Fertility and sterility. 1999;71(4):715-8.
Scott Jr RT, Hofmann GE, Oehninger S, Muasher SJ. Intercycle variability of day 3 follicle-stimulating hormone levels and its effect on stimulation quality in in vitro fertilization. Fertility and sterility. 1990;54(2):297-302.
Scott RT, Toner JP, Muasher SJ, Oehninger S, Robinson S, Rosenwaks Z. Follicle-stimulating hormone levels on cycle day 3 are predictive of in vitro fertilization outcome. Fertility and sterility. 1989;51(4):651-4.
Kevenaar ME, Meerasahib MF, Kramer P, van de Lang-Born BM, de Jong FH, Groome NP, et al. Serum anti-mullerian hormone levels reflect the size of the primordial follicle pool in mice. Endocrinology. 2006;147(7):3228-34.
Toner JP, Seifer DB. Why we may abandon basal follicle-stimulating hormone testing: a sea change in determining ovarian reserve using antimüllerian hormone. Fertility and sterility. 2013;99(7):1825-30.
Swart P, Mol BW, van der Veen F, van Beurden M, Redekop WK, Bossuyt PM. The accuracy of hysterosalpingography in the diagnosis of tubal pathology: a meta-analysis. Fertility and sterility. 1995;64(3):486-91.
Mol BW, Swart P, Bossuyt PM, Van Beurden M, Van Der Veen F. Reproducibility of the interpretation of hysterosalpingography in the diagnosis of tubal pathology. Human Reproduction. 1996;11(6):1204-8.
Collins JA. A couple with infertility. JAMA. 1995;274(14):1159-64.
Balmaceda JP, Ciuffardi I. Hysteroscopy and assisted reproductive technology. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 1995;22(3):507-18.
Mollo A, De Franciscis P, Colacurci N, Cobellis L, Perino A, Venezia R, et al. Hysteroscopic resection of the septum improves the pregnancy rate of women with unexplained infertility: a prospective controlled trial. Fertility and sterility. 2009;91(6):2628-31.
Bingol B, Gunenc Z, Gedikbasi A, Guner H, Tasdemir S, Tiras B. Comparison of diagnostic accuracy of saline infusion sonohysterography, transvaginal sonography and hysteroscopy. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2011;31(1):54-8.
Dhumale H, Desai B, Pujar Y, Sherigar B, Patted S. Comparative evaluation of saline infusion sonohysterography and hysterolaparoscopy for diagnosis of uterine cavity abnormalities and tubal patency in infertility: a one year cross-sectional study. Journal of South Asian Federation of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2012;2:133-5.
Hajishaiha M, Ghasemi-Rad M, Karimpour N, Mladkova N, Boromand F. Transvaginal sonographic evaluation at different menstrual cycle phases in diagnosis of uterine lesions. International Journal of Women's Health. 2011:353-7.
Van Dongen H, De Kroon C, Van den Tillaart S, Louwé L, Trimbos‐Kemper G, Jansen F. A randomised comparison of vaginoscopic office hysteroscopy and saline infusion sonography: a patient compliance study. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 2008;115(10):1232-7.
Sayfalar
61-74
Gelecek
29 Nisan 2024
Telif Hakkı (c) 2024 Akademisyen Yayınevi Kitap Portalı
Lisans
LisansNasıl Atıf Yapılır
1.
Özdilek Kırçiçeği FK. Kadın İnfertilitesine Yaklaşım. Içinde: Demir SC, editör. Güncel Kadın Hastalıkları ve Doğum Çalışmaları VII (Bahar) [Internet]. Türkiye: Akademisyen Yayınevi Kitap DOI Portalı; 2024 [a.yer 13 Temmuz 2026]. ss. 61-74. Erişim adresi: https://www.omp35.books.akademisyen.net/index.php/akya/catalog/book/3066/chapter/13406
