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References
Larouche V, Huang A, Bartels U, Bouffet E. Tumors of the central nervous system in the first year of life. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2007 Dec;49(7 Suppl):1074-82. [PubMed] .
El-Ayadi M, Ansari M, Sturm D, Gielen GH, Warmuth-Metz M, Kramm CM, von Bueren AO. High-grade glioma in very young children: a rare and particular patient population. Oncotarget. 2017 Sep 08;8(38):64564-64578. [PMC free article] [PubMed].
Subramanian S, Ahmad T. Childhood Brain Tumors. 2022 Aug 8. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan–. PMID: 30571036.
Ostrom QT, Adel Fahmideh M, Cote DJ, Muskens IS, Schraw JM, Scheurer ME, et al. Risk factors for childhood and adult primary brain tumors. Neuro Oncol 2019;21:1357–75.
Kleinerman RA. Cancer risks following diagnostic and therapeutic radiation exposure in children. Pediatr Radiol 2006;36:121–5.
Adel Fahmideh, M., & Scheurer, M. E. (2021). Pediatric brain tumors: descriptive epidemiology, risk factors, and future directions. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 30(5), 813-821.
Jaju, A., Yeom, K. W., & Ryan, M. E. (2022). MR imaging of pediatric brain tumors. Diagnostics, 12(4), 961.
Chu, T.P.; Shah, A.; Walker, D.; Coleman, M.P. Pattern of symptoms and signs of primary intracranial tumours in children and young adults: A record linkage study. Arch. Dis. Child. 2015, 100, 1115–1122. [CrossRef] [PubMed].
Reulecke, B.C.; Erker, C.G.; Fiedler, B.J.; Niederstadt, T.U.; Kurlemann, G. Brain tumors in children: Initial symptoms and their influence on the time span between symptom onset and diagnosis. J. Child Neurol. 2008, 23, 178–183. [CrossRef] [PubMed].
Louis, D.N.; Perry, A.; Wesseling, P.; et al. The 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: A summary. Neuro Oncol. 2021, 23, 1231–1251. [CrossRef] [PubMed].
Shih, R.Y.; Koeller, K.K. Embryonal Tumors of the Central Nervous System: From the Radiologic Pathology Archives. Radiographics 2018, 38, 525–541. [CrossRef] [PubMed].
Arslanoglu A, Aygun N, Tekhtani D, et al. Imaging findings of CNS atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2004;25(3):476–480.
Hwang, E.I.; Kool, M.; Burger, P.C.; et al. Extensive Molecular and Clinical Heterogeneity in Patients with Histologically Diagnosed CNS-PNET Treated as a Single Entity: A Report from the Children’s Oncology Group Randomized ACNS0332 Trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 2018, 36, 3388–3395. [CrossRef].
Sturm, D.; Orr, B.A.; Toprak, U.H.; et al. New Brain Tumor Entities Emerge from Molecular Classification of CNS-PNETs. Cell 2016, 164, 1060–1072. [CrossRef].
Jaju, A.; Hwang, E.I.; Kool, M.; et al. MRI Features of Histologically Diagnosed Supratentorial Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors and Pineoblastomas in Correlation with Molecular Diagnoses and Outcomes: A Report from the Children’s Oncology Group ACNS0332 Trial. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 2019, 40, 1796–1803. [CrossRef] [PubMed].
Wang B, Gogia B, Fuller GN, Ketonen LM. Embryonal Tumor with Multilayered Rosettes, C19MC-Altered: Clinical, Pathological, and Neuroimaging Findings. J Neuroimaging. 2018 Sep;28(5):483-489. doi: 10.1111/jon.12524. Epub 2018 May 24. PMID: 29797626.
Zamora, C.; Huisman, T.A.; Izbudak, I. Supratentorial Tumors in Pediatric Patients. Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. 2017, 27, 39–67. [CrossRef].
Aboian, M.S.; Solomon, D.A.; Felton, E.; Mabray, M.; Villanueva-Meyer, J.E.; Mueller, S.; Cha, S. Imaging Characteristics of Pediatric Diffuse Midline Gliomas with Histone H3 K27M Mutation. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 2017, 38, 795–800. [CrossRef] [PubMed].
Makepeace, L.; Scoggins, M.; Mitrea, B.; Li, Y.; Edwards, A.; Tinkle, C.; Hwang, S.; Gajjar, A.; Patay, Z. MRI Patterns of Extrapontine Lesion Extension in Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Gliomas. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 2020, 41, 323–330. [CrossRef].
Tisnado J, Young R, Peck KK, Haque S. Conventional and Advanced Imaging of Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma. J Child Neurol. 2016 Oct;31(12):1386-93. doi: 10.1177/0883073816634855. Epub 2016 Apr 12. PMID: 27071471; PMCID: PMC5659185.
Jansen MH et al: Survival prediction model of children with diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma based on clinical and radiological criteria. Neuro Oncol. 17(1):160-6, 2015.
Borja, M.J.; Plaza, M.J.; Altman, N.; Saigal, G. Conventional and advanced MRI features of pediatric intracranial tumors: Supratentorial tumors. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 2013, 200, W483–W503. [CrossRef].
Park, Y. W., Vollmuth, P., Foltyn‐Dumitru, M., Sahm, F., Ahn, S. S., Chang, J. H., & Kim, S. H. (2023). The 2021 WHO Classification for Gliomas and Implications on Imaging Diagnosis: Part 2—Summary of Imaging Findings on Pediatric‐Type Diffuse High‐Grade Gliomas, Pediatric‐Type Diffuse Low‐Grade Gliomas, and Circumscribed Astrocytic Gliomas. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 58(3), 690-708.
Gaudino S, Martucci M, Russo R, et al. MR imaging of brain pilocytic astrocytoma: Beyond the stereotype of benign astrocytoma. Childs Nerv Syst 2017;33(1):35-54.).
AlRayahi, J., Alwalid, O., Mubarak, W., Maaz, A. U. R., & Mifsud, W. (2023, January). Pediatric brain tumors in the molecular era: updates for the radiologist. In Seminars in Roentgenology (Vol. 58, No. 1, pp. 47-66). WB Saunders.
Raybaud C, Ramaswamy V, Taylor MD, et al: Posterior fossa tumors in children: Developmental anatomy and diagnostic imaging. Child’s Nervous System 31:1661-1676, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s00381-015-2834-z.
Giulioni M, Marucci G, Martinoni M, et al. Epilepsy associated tumors: Review article. World J Clin Cases 2014;2:623-41.
Resende LL, Alves CAPF. Imaging of brain tumors in children: the basics-a narrative review. Transl Pediatr. 2021 Apr;10(4):1138-1168. doi: 10.21037/tp-20-285. PMID: 34012860; PMCID: PMC8107871.
Cheng CS, Ou CH, Chen JS, et al. Lhermitte-Duclos disease: A case report with radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiol Case Rep 2019;14:734-9. [Crossref] [PubMed].
Lakhani DA, Mankad K, Chhabda S, et al. Diffuse Leptomeningeal Glioneuronal Tumor of Childhood. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2020;41:2155-9.
Wang AC, Jones DTW, Abecassis IJ, et al. Desmoplastic Infantile Ganglioglioma/Astrocytoma (DIG/DIA) Are Distinct Entities with Frequent BRAFV600 Mutations. Mol Cancer Res 2018;16:1491-8.
Surawicz TS, McCarthy BJ, Kupelian V et al (1999) Descriptive epidemiology of primary brain and CNS tumors: results from the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States, 1990–1994. Neuro Oncol 1:14–25.
Schroeder JW, Vezina LG. Pediatric sellar and suprasellar lesions. Pediatr Radiol. 2011 Mar;41(3):287-98; quiz 404-5. doi: 10.1007/s00247-010-1968-0. Epub 2011 Jan 26. PMID: 21267556.
Lubomirsky B, Jenner ZB, Jude MB, Shahlaie K, Assadsangabi R, Ivanovic V. Sellar, suprasellar, and parasellar masses: Imaging features and neurosurgical approaches. Neuroradiol J. 2022 Jun;35(3):269-283. doi: 10.1177/19714009211055195. Epub 2021 Dec 2. PMID: 34856828; PMCID: PMC9244752.
Zamora C, Castillo M. Sellar and parasellar imaging. Neurosurgery 2017; 80(1): 17–38. [PubMed] [Google Scholar].
Chin BM, Orlandi RR, Wiggins RH, 3rd. Evaluation of the sellar and parasellar regions. Magn Reson Imaging Clin North America 2012; 20(3): 515–543. [PubMed] [Google Scholar].
Zimmerman RA. Imaging of intrasellar, suprasellar, and parasellar tumors. Semin Roentgenology 1990; 25(2): 174– 197. [PubMed] [Google Scholar].
Carpintero FPI, Casanueva FF, Giustina A. Inflammatory and granulomatous expansive lesions of the pituitary. Clin Endocrinol MetabolismBest Pract Res 2009; 23: 639–650. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar].
Favero G, Bonomini F, Rezzani R. Pineal Gland Tumors: A Review. Cancers (Basel). 2021 Mar 27;13(7):1547. doi: 10.3390/cancers13071547. PMID: 33801639; PMCID: PMC8036741.
Nagasawa, D.T.; Lagman, C.; Sun, M; et al. Pineal germ cell tumors: Two cases with review of histopathologies and biomarkers. J. Clin. Neurosci. 2017, 38, 23–31. [CrossRef] [PubMed].
Sadiq, Q.; Khan, F.A. Germ cell seminoma. In StatPearls; StatPearls Publishing: Treasure Island, FL, USA, 2020.
Smith AB, Rushing EJ, Smirniotopoulos JG (2010) Lesions of the pineal region: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 30:2001–2020.
Horowitz MB, Hall WA (1991) Central nervous system germinomas: a review. Arch Neurol 48:652–657.
Hayashida Y, Hirai T, Korogi Y et al (2004) Pineal cystic germinoma with syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells mimicking MR imaging findings of a pineal cyst. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 25:1538– 1540.
Klein P, Rubinstein LJ (1989) Benign symptomatic glial cysts of the pineal gland: a report of seven cases and review of the literature. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 52:991–995.
Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, Cavenee WK (2007) WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous system. IARC Press, Lyon.
El-Ayadi M, Ansari M, Sturm D, Gielen GH, Warmuth-Metz M, Kramm CM, von Bueren AO. High-grade glioma in very young children: a rare and particular patient population. Oncotarget. 2017 Sep 08;8(38):64564-64578. [PMC free article] [PubMed].
Subramanian S, Ahmad T. Childhood Brain Tumors. 2022 Aug 8. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan–. PMID: 30571036.
Ostrom QT, Adel Fahmideh M, Cote DJ, Muskens IS, Schraw JM, Scheurer ME, et al. Risk factors for childhood and adult primary brain tumors. Neuro Oncol 2019;21:1357–75.
Kleinerman RA. Cancer risks following diagnostic and therapeutic radiation exposure in children. Pediatr Radiol 2006;36:121–5.
Adel Fahmideh, M., & Scheurer, M. E. (2021). Pediatric brain tumors: descriptive epidemiology, risk factors, and future directions. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 30(5), 813-821.
Jaju, A., Yeom, K. W., & Ryan, M. E. (2022). MR imaging of pediatric brain tumors. Diagnostics, 12(4), 961.
Chu, T.P.; Shah, A.; Walker, D.; Coleman, M.P. Pattern of symptoms and signs of primary intracranial tumours in children and young adults: A record linkage study. Arch. Dis. Child. 2015, 100, 1115–1122. [CrossRef] [PubMed].
Reulecke, B.C.; Erker, C.G.; Fiedler, B.J.; Niederstadt, T.U.; Kurlemann, G. Brain tumors in children: Initial symptoms and their influence on the time span between symptom onset and diagnosis. J. Child Neurol. 2008, 23, 178–183. [CrossRef] [PubMed].
Louis, D.N.; Perry, A.; Wesseling, P.; et al. The 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Central Nervous System: A summary. Neuro Oncol. 2021, 23, 1231–1251. [CrossRef] [PubMed].
Shih, R.Y.; Koeller, K.K. Embryonal Tumors of the Central Nervous System: From the Radiologic Pathology Archives. Radiographics 2018, 38, 525–541. [CrossRef] [PubMed].
Arslanoglu A, Aygun N, Tekhtani D, et al. Imaging findings of CNS atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2004;25(3):476–480.
Hwang, E.I.; Kool, M.; Burger, P.C.; et al. Extensive Molecular and Clinical Heterogeneity in Patients with Histologically Diagnosed CNS-PNET Treated as a Single Entity: A Report from the Children’s Oncology Group Randomized ACNS0332 Trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 2018, 36, 3388–3395. [CrossRef].
Sturm, D.; Orr, B.A.; Toprak, U.H.; et al. New Brain Tumor Entities Emerge from Molecular Classification of CNS-PNETs. Cell 2016, 164, 1060–1072. [CrossRef].
Jaju, A.; Hwang, E.I.; Kool, M.; et al. MRI Features of Histologically Diagnosed Supratentorial Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors and Pineoblastomas in Correlation with Molecular Diagnoses and Outcomes: A Report from the Children’s Oncology Group ACNS0332 Trial. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 2019, 40, 1796–1803. [CrossRef] [PubMed].
Wang B, Gogia B, Fuller GN, Ketonen LM. Embryonal Tumor with Multilayered Rosettes, C19MC-Altered: Clinical, Pathological, and Neuroimaging Findings. J Neuroimaging. 2018 Sep;28(5):483-489. doi: 10.1111/jon.12524. Epub 2018 May 24. PMID: 29797626.
Zamora, C.; Huisman, T.A.; Izbudak, I. Supratentorial Tumors in Pediatric Patients. Neuroimaging Clin. N. Am. 2017, 27, 39–67. [CrossRef].
Aboian, M.S.; Solomon, D.A.; Felton, E.; Mabray, M.; Villanueva-Meyer, J.E.; Mueller, S.; Cha, S. Imaging Characteristics of Pediatric Diffuse Midline Gliomas with Histone H3 K27M Mutation. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 2017, 38, 795–800. [CrossRef] [PubMed].
Makepeace, L.; Scoggins, M.; Mitrea, B.; Li, Y.; Edwards, A.; Tinkle, C.; Hwang, S.; Gajjar, A.; Patay, Z. MRI Patterns of Extrapontine Lesion Extension in Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Gliomas. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol. 2020, 41, 323–330. [CrossRef].
Tisnado J, Young R, Peck KK, Haque S. Conventional and Advanced Imaging of Diffuse Intrinsic Pontine Glioma. J Child Neurol. 2016 Oct;31(12):1386-93. doi: 10.1177/0883073816634855. Epub 2016 Apr 12. PMID: 27071471; PMCID: PMC5659185.
Jansen MH et al: Survival prediction model of children with diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma based on clinical and radiological criteria. Neuro Oncol. 17(1):160-6, 2015.
Borja, M.J.; Plaza, M.J.; Altman, N.; Saigal, G. Conventional and advanced MRI features of pediatric intracranial tumors: Supratentorial tumors. AJR Am. J. Roentgenol. 2013, 200, W483–W503. [CrossRef].
Park, Y. W., Vollmuth, P., Foltyn‐Dumitru, M., Sahm, F., Ahn, S. S., Chang, J. H., & Kim, S. H. (2023). The 2021 WHO Classification for Gliomas and Implications on Imaging Diagnosis: Part 2—Summary of Imaging Findings on Pediatric‐Type Diffuse High‐Grade Gliomas, Pediatric‐Type Diffuse Low‐Grade Gliomas, and Circumscribed Astrocytic Gliomas. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 58(3), 690-708.
Gaudino S, Martucci M, Russo R, et al. MR imaging of brain pilocytic astrocytoma: Beyond the stereotype of benign astrocytoma. Childs Nerv Syst 2017;33(1):35-54.).
AlRayahi, J., Alwalid, O., Mubarak, W., Maaz, A. U. R., & Mifsud, W. (2023, January). Pediatric brain tumors in the molecular era: updates for the radiologist. In Seminars in Roentgenology (Vol. 58, No. 1, pp. 47-66). WB Saunders.
Raybaud C, Ramaswamy V, Taylor MD, et al: Posterior fossa tumors in children: Developmental anatomy and diagnostic imaging. Child’s Nervous System 31:1661-1676, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s00381-015-2834-z.
Giulioni M, Marucci G, Martinoni M, et al. Epilepsy associated tumors: Review article. World J Clin Cases 2014;2:623-41.
Resende LL, Alves CAPF. Imaging of brain tumors in children: the basics-a narrative review. Transl Pediatr. 2021 Apr;10(4):1138-1168. doi: 10.21037/tp-20-285. PMID: 34012860; PMCID: PMC8107871.
Cheng CS, Ou CH, Chen JS, et al. Lhermitte-Duclos disease: A case report with radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiol Case Rep 2019;14:734-9. [Crossref] [PubMed].
Lakhani DA, Mankad K, Chhabda S, et al. Diffuse Leptomeningeal Glioneuronal Tumor of Childhood. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2020;41:2155-9.
Wang AC, Jones DTW, Abecassis IJ, et al. Desmoplastic Infantile Ganglioglioma/Astrocytoma (DIG/DIA) Are Distinct Entities with Frequent BRAFV600 Mutations. Mol Cancer Res 2018;16:1491-8.
Surawicz TS, McCarthy BJ, Kupelian V et al (1999) Descriptive epidemiology of primary brain and CNS tumors: results from the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States, 1990–1994. Neuro Oncol 1:14–25.
Schroeder JW, Vezina LG. Pediatric sellar and suprasellar lesions. Pediatr Radiol. 2011 Mar;41(3):287-98; quiz 404-5. doi: 10.1007/s00247-010-1968-0. Epub 2011 Jan 26. PMID: 21267556.
Lubomirsky B, Jenner ZB, Jude MB, Shahlaie K, Assadsangabi R, Ivanovic V. Sellar, suprasellar, and parasellar masses: Imaging features and neurosurgical approaches. Neuroradiol J. 2022 Jun;35(3):269-283. doi: 10.1177/19714009211055195. Epub 2021 Dec 2. PMID: 34856828; PMCID: PMC9244752.
Zamora C, Castillo M. Sellar and parasellar imaging. Neurosurgery 2017; 80(1): 17–38. [PubMed] [Google Scholar].
Chin BM, Orlandi RR, Wiggins RH, 3rd. Evaluation of the sellar and parasellar regions. Magn Reson Imaging Clin North America 2012; 20(3): 515–543. [PubMed] [Google Scholar].
Zimmerman RA. Imaging of intrasellar, suprasellar, and parasellar tumors. Semin Roentgenology 1990; 25(2): 174– 197. [PubMed] [Google Scholar].
Carpintero FPI, Casanueva FF, Giustina A. Inflammatory and granulomatous expansive lesions of the pituitary. Clin Endocrinol MetabolismBest Pract Res 2009; 23: 639–650. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar].
Favero G, Bonomini F, Rezzani R. Pineal Gland Tumors: A Review. Cancers (Basel). 2021 Mar 27;13(7):1547. doi: 10.3390/cancers13071547. PMID: 33801639; PMCID: PMC8036741.
Nagasawa, D.T.; Lagman, C.; Sun, M; et al. Pineal germ cell tumors: Two cases with review of histopathologies and biomarkers. J. Clin. Neurosci. 2017, 38, 23–31. [CrossRef] [PubMed].
Sadiq, Q.; Khan, F.A. Germ cell seminoma. In StatPearls; StatPearls Publishing: Treasure Island, FL, USA, 2020.
Smith AB, Rushing EJ, Smirniotopoulos JG (2010) Lesions of the pineal region: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 30:2001–2020.
Horowitz MB, Hall WA (1991) Central nervous system germinomas: a review. Arch Neurol 48:652–657.
Hayashida Y, Hirai T, Korogi Y et al (2004) Pineal cystic germinoma with syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells mimicking MR imaging findings of a pineal cyst. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 25:1538– 1540.
Klein P, Rubinstein LJ (1989) Benign symptomatic glial cysts of the pineal gland: a report of seven cases and review of the literature. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 52:991–995.
Louis DN, Ohgaki H, Wiestler OD, Cavenee WK (2007) WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous system. IARC Press, Lyon.
Pages
197-222
Published
April 29, 2025
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