Timus Ekstresi
Synopsis
1980'lerde endüstrileşmeye başlayan tıpta alternatif yaklaşımlar günümüzde popülerliğini korumaktadır. 1900'lerin başında immunolojik ve endokrinolojik etkilerinin ve öneminin keşfiyle timus, bu alanda araştırılan bir organ olmuştur. Enfeksiyonlar, otoimmunute, immun bozukluklar ve kanser gibi bir çok alanda timus bezinin olası etkileri incelenmiş ve timus bezinden elde edilen ekstratların bu hastalıklardaki etkinliği değerlendirilmiştir. Bu bölümde timus ekstratlarının keşfi, tarihsel süreci ve nihayetinde kanser hastaları ile yapılan çalışmalardaki sonuçları ile ilgili bilgiler derlenmiş ve özet haline getirilmiştir.
Alternative approaches to medicine, which began to industrialize in the 1980s, remain popular today. With the discovery of its immunological and endocrinological effects and importance in the early 1900s, thymus became an organ researched in this field. The possible effects of the thymus gland in many areas such as infections, autoimmunity, immune disorders and cancer have been examined and the effectiveness of extracts obtained from the thymus gland in these diseases has been evaluated. In this section, information about the discovery of thymus extracts, their historical process and ultimately the results of studies with cancer patients has been compiled and summarized.
References
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Safieddine N, Keshavjee S. Anatomy of the Thymus Gland. Vol. 21, Thoracic Surgery Clinics. 2011. p. 191–5.
Osoba D. Current Concepts of the Immunologicd Function of the Thymus.
Bach J françois, Carnaud C. Thymic Factors. Vol. 21. Karger; 1976.
J Path Bact EW, ibid EW, Amer PF, A P Miller Mb JF. Burnet, F. M. The Clonal Selection Theory of Acquired Immunity. London, 1959. 11. Lederberg. Vol. 73, Auerbach, R. Developmental Biol. 1958.
Miller JFAP. Part I. The Role of the Lymphoid System in Homotransplantation Reactions ROLE OF THE THYMUS I N TRANSPLANTATION IMMUNITY*.
00007890-196509000-00006.
00007890-196501000-00004.
Good RA, Dalmasso AP, Martinez C, Archer OK, Pierce JC, Papermaster,$:~ NW. T H E ROLE OF T H E THYMUS I N D E V E L O P M E N T OF IMMUNO-LOGIC CAPACITY I N RABBITS AND MICE*.
Dalmasso,$ AP, Martinez C, Sjodin K, Good RA. STUDIES ON T H E ROLE OF T H E T H Y M U S I N I M M U N O B I O L O G Y RECONSTITUTION OF IMMUNOLOGIC CAPACITY IN MICE THYMECTOMIZED AT BIRTH*.
204664a0.
Bach J françois, Carnaud C. Thymic Factors. Vol. 21. Karger; 1976.
Low TLK, Goldstein AL. [13] THYMIC HORMONES 213 [13] Thymic Hormones: An Overview.
Goldstein AL, Guha A, Zatz MM, Hardy MA, Whitet A. Purification and Biological Activity of Thymosin, a Hormone of the Thymus Gland (thymus/rosette-forming cells/thymectomy/lymphoid cells/mouse). Vol. 69. 1972.
Trainin N. Thymic Hormones and the Immune Response [Internet]. Vol. 54. 1974. Available from: www.physiology.org/journal/physrev
Goldstein AL, Low TLK, Mcadoo M, Mcclure J, Thurman GB, Rossio J, et al. Thymosin al: Isolation and sequence analysis of an immunologically active thymic polypeptide (cell-mediated immunity/differentiation of thymus-dependent lymphocyte/thymic factor nomenclature/acidic polypeptide/ acetylserine NH2-terminal) [Internet]. Vol. 74. 1977. Available from: https://www.pnas.org
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Cassileth BR, Lusk EJ, Strouse TB, Bodenheimer BJ, Philadelphia BA; MEDICINE AND PUBLIC ISSUES Contemporary Unorthodox Treatments in Cancer Medicine A Study of Patients, Treatments, and Practitioners [Internet]. 1984. Available from: http://annals.org/pdfaccess.ashx?url=/data/journals/aim/19611/
Ernst E. Complementary Cancer Treatments: Hope or Hazard? Vol. 7, Clinical Oncology. 1995.
Ernst E. Review Thymus Therapy for Cancer? A Criteria-based, Systematic Review. Vol. 33, European ~oumal of Cancer. Elserier Scxnce Lrd; 1997.
Wolf E, Milazzo S, Boehm K, Zwahlen M, Horneber M. Thymic peptides for treatment of cancer patients. Vol. 2017, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley and Sons Ltd; 2011.
Savino W, Lepletier A. Thymus-derived hormonal and cellular control of cancer. Vol. 14, Frontiers in Endocrinology. Frontiers Media SA; 2023.
Dominari A, III DH, Pandav K, Matos W, Biswas S, Reddy G, et al. Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature. World J Virol. 2020 Dec 15;9(5):67–78.
Huang D, Wang S, Wang A, Chen X, Zhang H. Thymosin beta 4 silencing suppresses proliferation and invasion of non-small cell lung cancer cells by repressing Notch1 activation. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 2016 Sep 1;48(9):788–94.
Piao Z, Hong CS, Jung MR, Choi C, Park YK. Thymosin β4 induces invasion and migration of human colorectal cancer cells through the ILK/AKT/β-catenin signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2014 Sep 26;452(3):858–64.
Gu Y, Wang C, Wang Y, Qiu X, Wang E. Expression of thymosin β10 and its role in non-small cell lung cancer. Hum Pathol. 2009 Jan;40(1):117–24.
Wang B, Wang Z, Zhang T, Yang G. Overexpression of thymosin β10 correlates with disease progression and poor prognosis in bladder cancer. Exp Ther Med. 2019 Sep 13;
Song C, Su Z, Guo J. Research Article Thymosin β 10 is overexpressed and associated with unfavorable prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Biosci Rep. 2019;39(3).
Sun DP, Liew PL, Lin CC, Hung ST, Chen TC, Fang CL, et al. Clinicopathologic and prognostic significance of thymopoietin-α overexpression in gastric cancer. J Cancer. 2019;10(21):5099–107.
Zhang L, Wang G, Chen S, Ding J, Ju S, Cao H, et al. Depletion of thymopoietin inhibits proliferation and induces cell cycle arrest/apoptosis in glioblastoma cells. World J Surg Oncol. 2016 Oct 19;14(1).
Knutsenn AP, Freeman JJ, Mueller KR, Roodman ST, Bouhasin JD. Thymosin!a 0 stimulates maturation of CD23 ¦ stem cells into CD2 ¦ 3 ¦ cells in an in vitro thymic epithelia organ coculture model.
Garaci E, Pica F, Serafino A, Balestrieri E, Matteucci C, Moroni G, et al. Thymosin α1 and cancer: Action on immune effector and tumor target cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012;1269(1):26–33.
Favalli C, Jezzi T, Mastino A, Rinaldi-Garaci C, Riccardi C, Garaci E. ] ancer mmunolggy mmunotherapy Modulation of natural killer activity by thymosin alpha 1 and interferon. Vol. 20, Cancer Immunol Immunother. 1985.
Consolini R, Cei B, Cini P, Bottone E. Circulating thymic hormone activity in young cancer patients. Vol. 66, Clin. exp. Immunol. 1986.
IMMUNOLOGY TODAY T.
Costanzi JJ, Gagliano RG, Delaney F, Harris N, Thurman GB, Sakai H, et al. The effect of thymosin on patients with disseminated malignancies. A phase I study. Cancer. 1977;40(1):14–9.
Goldstein AL. THE GORDON WILSON LECTURE THE HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THYMOSIN: CHEMISTRY, BIOLOGY AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS.
Maio M, Mackiewicz A, Testori A, Trefzer U, Ferraresi V, Jassem J, et al. Large randomized study of thymosin α 1, interferon alfa, or both in combination with dacarbazine in patients with metastatic melanoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2010 Apr 1;28(10):1780–7.
Gish RG, Gordon SC, Nelson D, Rustgi V, Rios I. A randomized controlled trial of thymalfasin plus transarterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Int. 2009;3(3):480–9.
Linye H, Zijing X, Wei P, Chao H, Chuan L, Tianfu W. Thymosin alpha-1 therapy improves postoperative survival after curative resection for solitary hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma A propensity score matching analysis. Medicine (United States). 2021;100(20).
Zeng FL, Xiao Z, Wang CQ, Jiang Y, Shan JL, Hu SS, et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of synthetic thymic peptides with chemotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 27 randomized controlled trials following the PRISMA guidelines. Int Immunopharmacol. 2019 Oct 1;75.
Liu F, Qiu B, Xi Y, Luo Y, Luo Q, Wu Y, et al. Efficacy of Thymosin α1 in Management of Radiation Pneumonitis in Patients With Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treated With Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy: A Phase 2 Clinical Trial (GASTO-1043). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2022 Nov 1;114(3):433–43.
Guo CL, Mei JD, Jia YL, Gan FY, Tang YD, Liu CW, et al. Impact of thymosin α1 as an immunomodulatory therapy on long-term survival of non-small cell lung cancer patients after R0 resection: A propensity score-matched analysis. Chin Med J (Engl). 2021 Nov 20;134(22):2700–9.
Feng Y, Zhu G, Lang S, Hao P, Li G, Chen F, et al. The Efficacy and Safety of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Combined With Thymosin in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Harboring Active Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutations. Front Oncol. 2021 May 28;11.
Danielli R, Cisternino F, Giannarelli D, Calabrò L, Camerini R, Savelli V, et al. Long-term follow up of metastatic melanoma patients treated with Thymosin alpha-1: investigating immune checkpoints synergy. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2018 May 31;18:77–83.
Bo C, Wu Q, Zhao H, Li X, Zhou Q. Thymosin α1 suppresses migration and invasion of PD-L1 high-expressing non-small-cell lung cancer cells via inhibition of STAT3–MMP2 signaling. Onco Targets Ther. 2018;11:7255–70.
Ernst E. Review Thymus Therapy for Cancer? A Criteria-based, Systematic Review. Vol. 33, European ~oumal of Cancer. Elserier Scxnce Lrd; 1997.
King R, Tuthill C. Immune Modulation with Thymosin Alpha 1 Treatment. In: Vitamins and Hormones. Academic Press Inc.; 2016. p. 151–78.
Safieddine N, Keshavjee S. Anatomy of the Thymus Gland. Vol. 21, Thoracic Surgery Clinics. 2011. p. 191–5.
Osoba D. Current Concepts of the Immunologicd Function of the Thymus.
Bach J françois, Carnaud C. Thymic Factors. Vol. 21. Karger; 1976.
J Path Bact EW, ibid EW, Amer PF, A P Miller Mb JF. Burnet, F. M. The Clonal Selection Theory of Acquired Immunity. London, 1959. 11. Lederberg. Vol. 73, Auerbach, R. Developmental Biol. 1958.
Miller JFAP. Part I. The Role of the Lymphoid System in Homotransplantation Reactions ROLE OF THE THYMUS I N TRANSPLANTATION IMMUNITY*.
00007890-196509000-00006.
00007890-196501000-00004.
Good RA, Dalmasso AP, Martinez C, Archer OK, Pierce JC, Papermaster,$:~ NW. T H E ROLE OF T H E THYMUS I N D E V E L O P M E N T OF IMMUNO-LOGIC CAPACITY I N RABBITS AND MICE*.
Dalmasso,$ AP, Martinez C, Sjodin K, Good RA. STUDIES ON T H E ROLE OF T H E T H Y M U S I N I M M U N O B I O L O G Y RECONSTITUTION OF IMMUNOLOGIC CAPACITY IN MICE THYMECTOMIZED AT BIRTH*.
204664a0.
Bach J françois, Carnaud C. Thymic Factors. Vol. 21. Karger; 1976.
Low TLK, Goldstein AL. [13] THYMIC HORMONES 213 [13] Thymic Hormones: An Overview.
Goldstein AL, Guha A, Zatz MM, Hardy MA, Whitet A. Purification and Biological Activity of Thymosin, a Hormone of the Thymus Gland (thymus/rosette-forming cells/thymectomy/lymphoid cells/mouse). Vol. 69. 1972.
Trainin N. Thymic Hormones and the Immune Response [Internet]. Vol. 54. 1974. Available from: www.physiology.org/journal/physrev
Goldstein AL, Low TLK, Mcadoo M, Mcclure J, Thurman GB, Rossio J, et al. Thymosin al: Isolation and sequence analysis of an immunologically active thymic polypeptide (cell-mediated immunity/differentiation of thymus-dependent lymphocyte/thymic factor nomenclature/acidic polypeptide/ acetylserine NH2-terminal) [Internet]. Vol. 74. 1977. Available from: https://www.pnas.org
bmj00448-0022.
Cassileth BR, Lusk EJ, Strouse TB, Bodenheimer BJ, Philadelphia BA; MEDICINE AND PUBLIC ISSUES Contemporary Unorthodox Treatments in Cancer Medicine A Study of Patients, Treatments, and Practitioners [Internet]. 1984. Available from: http://annals.org/pdfaccess.ashx?url=/data/journals/aim/19611/
Ernst E. Complementary Cancer Treatments: Hope or Hazard? Vol. 7, Clinical Oncology. 1995.
Ernst E. Review Thymus Therapy for Cancer? A Criteria-based, Systematic Review. Vol. 33, European ~oumal of Cancer. Elserier Scxnce Lrd; 1997.
Wolf E, Milazzo S, Boehm K, Zwahlen M, Horneber M. Thymic peptides for treatment of cancer patients. Vol. 2017, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. John Wiley and Sons Ltd; 2011.
Savino W, Lepletier A. Thymus-derived hormonal and cellular control of cancer. Vol. 14, Frontiers in Endocrinology. Frontiers Media SA; 2023.
Dominari A, III DH, Pandav K, Matos W, Biswas S, Reddy G, et al. Thymosin alpha 1: A comprehensive review of the literature. World J Virol. 2020 Dec 15;9(5):67–78.
Huang D, Wang S, Wang A, Chen X, Zhang H. Thymosin beta 4 silencing suppresses proliferation and invasion of non-small cell lung cancer cells by repressing Notch1 activation. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 2016 Sep 1;48(9):788–94.
Piao Z, Hong CS, Jung MR, Choi C, Park YK. Thymosin β4 induces invasion and migration of human colorectal cancer cells through the ILK/AKT/β-catenin signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2014 Sep 26;452(3):858–64.
Gu Y, Wang C, Wang Y, Qiu X, Wang E. Expression of thymosin β10 and its role in non-small cell lung cancer. Hum Pathol. 2009 Jan;40(1):117–24.
Wang B, Wang Z, Zhang T, Yang G. Overexpression of thymosin β10 correlates with disease progression and poor prognosis in bladder cancer. Exp Ther Med. 2019 Sep 13;
Song C, Su Z, Guo J. Research Article Thymosin β 10 is overexpressed and associated with unfavorable prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Biosci Rep. 2019;39(3).
Sun DP, Liew PL, Lin CC, Hung ST, Chen TC, Fang CL, et al. Clinicopathologic and prognostic significance of thymopoietin-α overexpression in gastric cancer. J Cancer. 2019;10(21):5099–107.
Zhang L, Wang G, Chen S, Ding J, Ju S, Cao H, et al. Depletion of thymopoietin inhibits proliferation and induces cell cycle arrest/apoptosis in glioblastoma cells. World J Surg Oncol. 2016 Oct 19;14(1).
Knutsenn AP, Freeman JJ, Mueller KR, Roodman ST, Bouhasin JD. Thymosin!a 0 stimulates maturation of CD23 ¦ stem cells into CD2 ¦ 3 ¦ cells in an in vitro thymic epithelia organ coculture model.
Garaci E, Pica F, Serafino A, Balestrieri E, Matteucci C, Moroni G, et al. Thymosin α1 and cancer: Action on immune effector and tumor target cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012;1269(1):26–33.
Favalli C, Jezzi T, Mastino A, Rinaldi-Garaci C, Riccardi C, Garaci E. ] ancer mmunolggy mmunotherapy Modulation of natural killer activity by thymosin alpha 1 and interferon. Vol. 20, Cancer Immunol Immunother. 1985.
Consolini R, Cei B, Cini P, Bottone E. Circulating thymic hormone activity in young cancer patients. Vol. 66, Clin. exp. Immunol. 1986.
IMMUNOLOGY TODAY T.
Costanzi JJ, Gagliano RG, Delaney F, Harris N, Thurman GB, Sakai H, et al. The effect of thymosin on patients with disseminated malignancies. A phase I study. Cancer. 1977;40(1):14–9.
Goldstein AL. THE GORDON WILSON LECTURE THE HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THYMOSIN: CHEMISTRY, BIOLOGY AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS.
Maio M, Mackiewicz A, Testori A, Trefzer U, Ferraresi V, Jassem J, et al. Large randomized study of thymosin α 1, interferon alfa, or both in combination with dacarbazine in patients with metastatic melanoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2010 Apr 1;28(10):1780–7.
Gish RG, Gordon SC, Nelson D, Rustgi V, Rios I. A randomized controlled trial of thymalfasin plus transarterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Int. 2009;3(3):480–9.
Linye H, Zijing X, Wei P, Chao H, Chuan L, Tianfu W. Thymosin alpha-1 therapy improves postoperative survival after curative resection for solitary hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma A propensity score matching analysis. Medicine (United States). 2021;100(20).
Zeng FL, Xiao Z, Wang CQ, Jiang Y, Shan JL, Hu SS, et al. Clinical efficacy and safety of synthetic thymic peptides with chemotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 27 randomized controlled trials following the PRISMA guidelines. Int Immunopharmacol. 2019 Oct 1;75.
Liu F, Qiu B, Xi Y, Luo Y, Luo Q, Wu Y, et al. Efficacy of Thymosin α1 in Management of Radiation Pneumonitis in Patients With Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Treated With Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy: A Phase 2 Clinical Trial (GASTO-1043). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2022 Nov 1;114(3):433–43.
Guo CL, Mei JD, Jia YL, Gan FY, Tang YD, Liu CW, et al. Impact of thymosin α1 as an immunomodulatory therapy on long-term survival of non-small cell lung cancer patients after R0 resection: A propensity score-matched analysis. Chin Med J (Engl). 2021 Nov 20;134(22):2700–9.
Feng Y, Zhu G, Lang S, Hao P, Li G, Chen F, et al. The Efficacy and Safety of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Combined With Thymosin in Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients Harboring Active Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutations. Front Oncol. 2021 May 28;11.
Danielli R, Cisternino F, Giannarelli D, Calabrò L, Camerini R, Savelli V, et al. Long-term follow up of metastatic melanoma patients treated with Thymosin alpha-1: investigating immune checkpoints synergy. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2018 May 31;18:77–83.
Bo C, Wu Q, Zhao H, Li X, Zhou Q. Thymosin α1 suppresses migration and invasion of PD-L1 high-expressing non-small-cell lung cancer cells via inhibition of STAT3–MMP2 signaling. Onco Targets Ther. 2018;11:7255–70.
Ernst E. Review Thymus Therapy for Cancer? A Criteria-based, Systematic Review. Vol. 33, European ~oumal of Cancer. Elserier Scxnce Lrd; 1997.
King R, Tuthill C. Immune Modulation with Thymosin Alpha 1 Treatment. In: Vitamins and Hormones. Academic Press Inc.; 2016. p. 151–78.
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331-338
Published
March 11, 2024
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Fidan MC. Timus Ekstresi. In: Sakin A, editor. Kanser Hastalarının Başvurduğu Geleneksel ve Tamamlayıcı Tedaviler - Tıbbi Onkolog Gözü ile Bakış ve Onkolojik İlaçlarla Etkileşim [Internet]. Türkiye: Academician Publishing Book DOI Portal; 2024 [cited 2026 Jul. 13]. pp. 331-8. Available from: https://www.omp35.books.akademisyen.net/index.php/akya/catalog/book/2380/chapter/13936
