Ekinezya (Echinacea Purpurea)
Synopsis
Echinacea purpurea, özellikle Kuzey Amerika’da daha yaygın olmakla beraber, günümüzde tüm dünyada yetişen çiçekli ve otsu bir bitkidir. Köklerinden ve toprak üstü kısımlarından elde edilen özütler, soğuk algınlığı ve gribe karşı korunma ve tedavide; ayrıca diğer enfeksiyon ve yaraların tedavisinde bağışıklık sistemini uyarmak amacıyla yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Çaylar, meyve suları, ekstraklar, kapsüller ve tabletlerin yanı sıra topikal kullanıma yönelik preparatlar şeklinde besin takviyeleri olarak pazarlanmaktadırlar. Dolayısıyla farklı formda türlerin kullanılması, ekstraksiyon yöntemleri veya diğer bileşenlerin eklenmesi nedeniyle bileşim açısından farklılık gösterebilir.
Ekinezyanın potansiyel faydaları birçok klinik çalışmada değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular, ekinezyanın soğuk algınlığını önlemede etkisiz olduğunu ancak grip tedavisinde faydalı olabileceğini göstermektedir. Son yıllarda kanser hastaları arasında tamamlayıcı ve bitkisel tedavilerin popülaritesinin artmasından dolayı ekinezyanın da kanser hastalarına faydalı etkilerine ilişkin çok sayıda reklam yayınlanmakta; ancak bu iddiaların birçoğu henüz doğrulanmamıştır.
Echinacea purpurea is a flowering and herbaceous plant that grows all over the world today, although it is more common in North America. Extracts obtained from its roots and aboveground parts are used in the protection and treatment against cold and flu; It is also widely used to stimulate the immune system in the treatment of other infections and wounds. They are marketed as dietary supplements in the form of teas, juices, extracts, capsules and tablets, as well as preparations for topical use. Therefore, it may differ in composition due to the use of different forms of species, extraction methods or the addition of other ingredients.
The potential benefits of echinacea have been evaluated in many clinical studies. Findings suggest that echinacea is ineffective in preventing colds but may be useful in treating flu. Due to the increasing popularity of complementary and herbal treatments among cancer patients in recent years, many advertisements have been published about the beneficial effects of echinacea on cancer patients; However, many of these claims have not yet been verified.
References
Goey AK, Rosing H, Meijerman I, Sparidans RW, Schellens JH, Beijnen JH. The bioanalysis of the major Echinacea purpurea constituents dodeca-2E, 4E, 8Z, 10E/Z-tetraenoic acid isobutylamides in human plasma using LC–MS/MS. Journal of Chromatography B. 2012;902:151-6.
Pleschka S, Stein M, Schoop R, Hudson JB. Anti-viral properties and mode of action of standardized Echinacea purpurea extract against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1, H7N7) and swine-origin H1N1 (S-OIV). Virology journal. 2009;6:1-9.
Goel V, Chang C, Slama JV, Barton R, Bauer R, Gahler R, Basu TK. Alkylamides of Echinacea purpurea stimulate alveolar macrophage function in normal rats. International immunopharmacology. 2002;2(2-3):381-7.
Haller J, Freund TF, Pelczer KG, Füredi J, Krecsak L, Zámbori J. The anxiolytic potential and psychotropic side effects of an echinacea preparation in laboratory animals and healthy volunteers. Phytotherapy Research. 2013;27(1):54-61.
Zhai Z, Haney DM, Wu L, Solco AK, Murphy PA, Wurtele ES, et al. Alcohol extract of Echinacea pallida reverses stress-delayed wound healing in mice. Phytomedicine. 2009;16(6-7):669-78.
Tsai Y-L, Chiu C-C, Chen JY-F, Chan K-C, Lin S-D. Cytotoxic effects of Echinacea purpurea flower extracts and cichoric acid on human colon cancer cells through induction of apoptosis. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2012;143(3):914-9.
Turner RB, Bauer R, Woelkart K, Hulsey TC, Gangemi JD. An evaluation of Echinacea angustifolia in experimental rhinovirus infections. New England Journal of Medicine. 2005;353(4):341-8.
O’neil J, Hughes S, Lourie A, Zweifler J. Effects of echinacea on the frequency of upper respiratory tract symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 2008;100(4):384-8.
Allan GM, Arroll B. Prevention and treatment of the common cold: making sense of the evidence. Cmaj. 2014;186(3):190-9.
Fashner J, Ericson K, Werner S. Treatment of the common cold in children and adults. American family physician. 2012;86(2):153-9.
Karsch‐Völk M, Barrett B, Kiefer D, Bauer R, Ardjomand‐Woelkart K, Linde K. Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014(2).
Karsch-Völk M, Barrett B, Linde K. Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold. Jama. 2015;313(6):618-9.
Rauš K, Pleschka S, Klein P, Schoop R, Fisher P. Effect of an Echinacea-based hot drink versus oseltamivir in influenza treatment: a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, multicenter, noninferiority clinical trial. Current Therapeutic Research. 2015;77:66-72.
Dapas B, Dall’Acqua S, Bulla R, Agostinis C, Perissutti B, Invernizzi S, et al. Immunomodulation mediated by a herbal syrup containing a standardized Echinacea root extract: A pilot study in healthy human subjects on cytokine gene expression. Phytomedicine. 2014;21(11):1406-10.
Melchart D, Clemm C, Weber B, Draczynski T, Worku F, Linde K, et al. Polysaccharides isolated from Echinacea purpurea herba cell cultures to counteract undesired effects of chemotherapy—a pilot study. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives. 2002;16(2):138-42.
Groom S, Johns T, Oldfield P. The potency of immunomodulatory herbs may be primarily dependent upon macrophage activation. Journal of medicinal food. 2007;10(1):73-9.
Ma H, Carpenter CL, Sullivan-Halley J, Bernstein L. The roles of herbal remedies in survival and quality of life among long-term breast cancer survivors-results of a prospective study. BMC cancer. 2011;11:1-10.
Damery S, Gratus C, Grieve R, Warmington S, Jones J, Routledge P, et al. The use of herbal medicines by people with cancer: a cross-sectional survey. British journal of cancer. 2011;104(6):927-33.
Barrett B. Medicinal properties of Echinacea: a critical review. Phytomedicine. 2003;10(1):66-86.
Zhai Z, Liu Y, Wu L, Senchina DS, Wurtele ES, Murphy PA, et al. Enhancement of innate and adaptive immune functions by multiple Echinacea species. Journal of medicinal food. 2007;10(3):423-34.
Tafazoli A. Echinacea for cancer patients: To give or not to give. Complementary Medicine Research. 2020;27(2):112-6.
Birt DF, Widrlechner MP, LaLone CA, Wu L, Bae J, Solco AK, et al. Echinacea in infection. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2008;87(2):488S-92S.
Senchina DS, Flagel LE, Wendel JF, Kohut ML. Phenetic comparison of sevenEchinacea species based on immunomodulatory characteristics. Economic botany. 2006;60(3):205-11.
McCann DA, Solco A, Liu Y, Macaluso F, Murphy PA, Kohut ML, Senchina DS. Cytokine-and interferon-modulating properties of Echinacea spp. root tinctures stored at− 20 C for 2 years. Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research. 2007;27(5):425-36.
Matthias A, Banbury L, Bone KM, Leach DN, Lehmann RP. Echinacea alkylamides modulate induced immune responses in T-cells. Fitoterapia. 2008;79(1):53-8.
Luettig B, Steinmüller C, Gifford G, Wagner H, Lohmann-Matthes M-L. Macrophage activation by the polysaccharide arabinogalactan isolated from plant cell cultures of Echinacea purpurea. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1989;81(9):669-75.
Manayi A, Vazirian M, Saeidnia S. Echinacea purpurea: Pharmacology, phytochemistry and analysis methods. Pharmacognosy reviews. 2015;9(17):63.
LaLone CA, Hammer KD, Wu L, Bae J, Leyva N, Liu Y, et al. Echinacea species and alkamides inhibit prostaglandin E2 production in RAW264. 7 mouse macrophage cells. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2007;55(18):7314-22.
Miller SC. Echinacea: a miracle herb against aging and cancer? Evidence in vivo in mice. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2005;2:309-14.
Taylor JA, Weber W, Standish L, Quinn H, Goesling J, McGann M, Calabrese C. Efficacy and safety of echinacea in treating upper respiratory tract infections in children: a randomized controlled trial. Jama. 2003;290(21):2824-30.
Giles JT, Palat III CT, Chien SH, Chang ZG, Kennedy DT. Evaluation of echinacea for treatment of the common cold. Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy. 2000;20(6):690-7.
Grimm W, Müller H-H. A randomized controlled trial of the effect of fluid extract of Echinacea purpurea on the incidence and severity of colds and respiratory infections. The American journal of medicine. 1999;106(2):138-43.
Huntley AL, Coon JT, Ernst E. The safety of herbal medicinal products derived from Echinacea species: a systematic review. Drug safety. 2005;28:387-400.
Newall CA, Anderson LA, Phillipson JD. Herbal medicines. A guide for health-care professionals: The pharmaceutical press; 1996.
Bossaer JB, Odle BL. Probable etoposide interaction with Echinacea. Journal of dietary supplements. 2012;9(2):90-5.
George L, Ioannis E, Radostina T, Antonios M. Severe thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) induced or exacerbated by the immunostimulatory herb Echinacea. American journal of hematology. 2006;81(3):224-.
Lee AN, Werth VP. Activation of autoimmunity following use of immunostimulatory herbal supplements. Archives of Dermatology. 2004;140(6):723-7.
Kemp DE, Franco KN. Possible leukopenia associated with long-term use of echinacea. The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice. 2002;15(5):417-9.
Kocaman O, Hulagu S, Senturk O. Echinacea-induced severe acute hepatitis with features of cholestatic autoimmune hepatitis. European journal of internal medicine. 2008;19(2):148.
Lawrenson JA, Walls T, Day AS. Echinacea-induced acute liver failure in a child. J Paediatr Child Health. 2014;50(10):841.
Maskatia ZK, Baker K. Hypereosinophilia associated with echinacea use. Southern medical journal. 2010;103(11):1173-4.
Gabranis I, Koufakis T, Papakrivos I, Batala S. Echinacea-associated acute cholestatic hepatitis. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 2015;61(3):211.
Fraunfelder FW. Ocular side effects from herbal medicines and nutritional supplements. American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2004;138(4):639-47.
McCarty CA, Berg RL, Rottscheit CM, Dart RA. The use of dietary supplements and their association with blood pressure in a large Midwestern cohort. BMC complementary and alternative medicine. 2013;13(1):1-6.
Scott GN, Elmer GW. Update on natural product–drug interactions. American journal of health-system pharmacy. 2002;59(4):339-47.
Grappe F, Nance G, Coward L, Gorman G. In vitro inhibitory effects of herbal supplements on tamoxifen and irinotecan metabolism. Drug metabolism and drug interactions. 2014;29(4):269-79.
Muthiah YD, Ong CE, Sulaiman SA, Ismail R. Inhibition of human cytochrome p450 2c8-catalyzed amodiaquine n-desethylation: Effect of five traditionally and commonly used herbs. Pharmacognosy research. 2016;8(4):292.
Gorski JC, Huang SM, Pinto A, Hamman MA, Hilligoss JK, Zaheer NA, et al. The effect of echinacea (Echinacea purpurea root) on cytochrome P450 activity in vivo. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2004;75(1):89-100.
Goey AK, Meijerman I, Rosing H, Burgers JA, Mergui‐Roelvink M, Keessen M, et al. The effect of E chinacea purpurea on the pharmacokinetics of docetaxel. British journal of clinical pharmacology. 2013;76(3):467-74.
Mooiman KD, Maas-Bakker RF, Hendrikx JJ, Bank PC, Rosing H, Beijnen JH, et al. The effect of complementary and alternative medicines on CYP3A4-mediated metabolism of three different substrates: 7-benzyloxy-4-trifluoromethyl-coumarin, midazolam and docetaxel. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2014;66(6):865-74.
Meng Q, Liu K. Pharmacokinetic interactions between herbal medicines and prescribed drugs: focus on drug metabolic enzymes and transporters. Current Drug Metabolism. 2014;15(8):791-807.
Liu R, Tam TW, Mao J, Saleem A, Krantis A, Arnason JT, Foster BC. The effect of natural health products and traditional medicines on the activity of human hepatic microsomal-mediated metabolism of oseltamivir. Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2010;13(1):43-55.
Pleschka S, Stein M, Schoop R, Hudson JB. Anti-viral properties and mode of action of standardized Echinacea purpurea extract against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (H5N1, H7N7) and swine-origin H1N1 (S-OIV). Virology journal. 2009;6:1-9.
Goel V, Chang C, Slama JV, Barton R, Bauer R, Gahler R, Basu TK. Alkylamides of Echinacea purpurea stimulate alveolar macrophage function in normal rats. International immunopharmacology. 2002;2(2-3):381-7.
Haller J, Freund TF, Pelczer KG, Füredi J, Krecsak L, Zámbori J. The anxiolytic potential and psychotropic side effects of an echinacea preparation in laboratory animals and healthy volunteers. Phytotherapy Research. 2013;27(1):54-61.
Zhai Z, Haney DM, Wu L, Solco AK, Murphy PA, Wurtele ES, et al. Alcohol extract of Echinacea pallida reverses stress-delayed wound healing in mice. Phytomedicine. 2009;16(6-7):669-78.
Tsai Y-L, Chiu C-C, Chen JY-F, Chan K-C, Lin S-D. Cytotoxic effects of Echinacea purpurea flower extracts and cichoric acid on human colon cancer cells through induction of apoptosis. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2012;143(3):914-9.
Turner RB, Bauer R, Woelkart K, Hulsey TC, Gangemi JD. An evaluation of Echinacea angustifolia in experimental rhinovirus infections. New England Journal of Medicine. 2005;353(4):341-8.
O’neil J, Hughes S, Lourie A, Zweifler J. Effects of echinacea on the frequency of upper respiratory tract symptoms: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology. 2008;100(4):384-8.
Allan GM, Arroll B. Prevention and treatment of the common cold: making sense of the evidence. Cmaj. 2014;186(3):190-9.
Fashner J, Ericson K, Werner S. Treatment of the common cold in children and adults. American family physician. 2012;86(2):153-9.
Karsch‐Völk M, Barrett B, Kiefer D, Bauer R, Ardjomand‐Woelkart K, Linde K. Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014(2).
Karsch-Völk M, Barrett B, Linde K. Echinacea for preventing and treating the common cold. Jama. 2015;313(6):618-9.
Rauš K, Pleschka S, Klein P, Schoop R, Fisher P. Effect of an Echinacea-based hot drink versus oseltamivir in influenza treatment: a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, multicenter, noninferiority clinical trial. Current Therapeutic Research. 2015;77:66-72.
Dapas B, Dall’Acqua S, Bulla R, Agostinis C, Perissutti B, Invernizzi S, et al. Immunomodulation mediated by a herbal syrup containing a standardized Echinacea root extract: A pilot study in healthy human subjects on cytokine gene expression. Phytomedicine. 2014;21(11):1406-10.
Melchart D, Clemm C, Weber B, Draczynski T, Worku F, Linde K, et al. Polysaccharides isolated from Echinacea purpurea herba cell cultures to counteract undesired effects of chemotherapy—a pilot study. Phytotherapy Research: An International Journal Devoted to Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Natural Product Derivatives. 2002;16(2):138-42.
Groom S, Johns T, Oldfield P. The potency of immunomodulatory herbs may be primarily dependent upon macrophage activation. Journal of medicinal food. 2007;10(1):73-9.
Ma H, Carpenter CL, Sullivan-Halley J, Bernstein L. The roles of herbal remedies in survival and quality of life among long-term breast cancer survivors-results of a prospective study. BMC cancer. 2011;11:1-10.
Damery S, Gratus C, Grieve R, Warmington S, Jones J, Routledge P, et al. The use of herbal medicines by people with cancer: a cross-sectional survey. British journal of cancer. 2011;104(6):927-33.
Barrett B. Medicinal properties of Echinacea: a critical review. Phytomedicine. 2003;10(1):66-86.
Zhai Z, Liu Y, Wu L, Senchina DS, Wurtele ES, Murphy PA, et al. Enhancement of innate and adaptive immune functions by multiple Echinacea species. Journal of medicinal food. 2007;10(3):423-34.
Tafazoli A. Echinacea for cancer patients: To give or not to give. Complementary Medicine Research. 2020;27(2):112-6.
Birt DF, Widrlechner MP, LaLone CA, Wu L, Bae J, Solco AK, et al. Echinacea in infection. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2008;87(2):488S-92S.
Senchina DS, Flagel LE, Wendel JF, Kohut ML. Phenetic comparison of sevenEchinacea species based on immunomodulatory characteristics. Economic botany. 2006;60(3):205-11.
McCann DA, Solco A, Liu Y, Macaluso F, Murphy PA, Kohut ML, Senchina DS. Cytokine-and interferon-modulating properties of Echinacea spp. root tinctures stored at− 20 C for 2 years. Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research. 2007;27(5):425-36.
Matthias A, Banbury L, Bone KM, Leach DN, Lehmann RP. Echinacea alkylamides modulate induced immune responses in T-cells. Fitoterapia. 2008;79(1):53-8.
Luettig B, Steinmüller C, Gifford G, Wagner H, Lohmann-Matthes M-L. Macrophage activation by the polysaccharide arabinogalactan isolated from plant cell cultures of Echinacea purpurea. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 1989;81(9):669-75.
Manayi A, Vazirian M, Saeidnia S. Echinacea purpurea: Pharmacology, phytochemistry and analysis methods. Pharmacognosy reviews. 2015;9(17):63.
LaLone CA, Hammer KD, Wu L, Bae J, Leyva N, Liu Y, et al. Echinacea species and alkamides inhibit prostaglandin E2 production in RAW264. 7 mouse macrophage cells. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2007;55(18):7314-22.
Miller SC. Echinacea: a miracle herb against aging and cancer? Evidence in vivo in mice. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2005;2:309-14.
Taylor JA, Weber W, Standish L, Quinn H, Goesling J, McGann M, Calabrese C. Efficacy and safety of echinacea in treating upper respiratory tract infections in children: a randomized controlled trial. Jama. 2003;290(21):2824-30.
Giles JT, Palat III CT, Chien SH, Chang ZG, Kennedy DT. Evaluation of echinacea for treatment of the common cold. Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy. 2000;20(6):690-7.
Grimm W, Müller H-H. A randomized controlled trial of the effect of fluid extract of Echinacea purpurea on the incidence and severity of colds and respiratory infections. The American journal of medicine. 1999;106(2):138-43.
Huntley AL, Coon JT, Ernst E. The safety of herbal medicinal products derived from Echinacea species: a systematic review. Drug safety. 2005;28:387-400.
Newall CA, Anderson LA, Phillipson JD. Herbal medicines. A guide for health-care professionals: The pharmaceutical press; 1996.
Bossaer JB, Odle BL. Probable etoposide interaction with Echinacea. Journal of dietary supplements. 2012;9(2):90-5.
George L, Ioannis E, Radostina T, Antonios M. Severe thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) induced or exacerbated by the immunostimulatory herb Echinacea. American journal of hematology. 2006;81(3):224-.
Lee AN, Werth VP. Activation of autoimmunity following use of immunostimulatory herbal supplements. Archives of Dermatology. 2004;140(6):723-7.
Kemp DE, Franco KN. Possible leukopenia associated with long-term use of echinacea. The Journal of the American Board of Family Practice. 2002;15(5):417-9.
Kocaman O, Hulagu S, Senturk O. Echinacea-induced severe acute hepatitis with features of cholestatic autoimmune hepatitis. European journal of internal medicine. 2008;19(2):148.
Lawrenson JA, Walls T, Day AS. Echinacea-induced acute liver failure in a child. J Paediatr Child Health. 2014;50(10):841.
Maskatia ZK, Baker K. Hypereosinophilia associated with echinacea use. Southern medical journal. 2010;103(11):1173-4.
Gabranis I, Koufakis T, Papakrivos I, Batala S. Echinacea-associated acute cholestatic hepatitis. Journal of Postgraduate Medicine. 2015;61(3):211.
Fraunfelder FW. Ocular side effects from herbal medicines and nutritional supplements. American Journal of Ophthalmology. 2004;138(4):639-47.
McCarty CA, Berg RL, Rottscheit CM, Dart RA. The use of dietary supplements and their association with blood pressure in a large Midwestern cohort. BMC complementary and alternative medicine. 2013;13(1):1-6.
Scott GN, Elmer GW. Update on natural product–drug interactions. American journal of health-system pharmacy. 2002;59(4):339-47.
Grappe F, Nance G, Coward L, Gorman G. In vitro inhibitory effects of herbal supplements on tamoxifen and irinotecan metabolism. Drug metabolism and drug interactions. 2014;29(4):269-79.
Muthiah YD, Ong CE, Sulaiman SA, Ismail R. Inhibition of human cytochrome p450 2c8-catalyzed amodiaquine n-desethylation: Effect of five traditionally and commonly used herbs. Pharmacognosy research. 2016;8(4):292.
Gorski JC, Huang SM, Pinto A, Hamman MA, Hilligoss JK, Zaheer NA, et al. The effect of echinacea (Echinacea purpurea root) on cytochrome P450 activity in vivo. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2004;75(1):89-100.
Goey AK, Meijerman I, Rosing H, Burgers JA, Mergui‐Roelvink M, Keessen M, et al. The effect of E chinacea purpurea on the pharmacokinetics of docetaxel. British journal of clinical pharmacology. 2013;76(3):467-74.
Mooiman KD, Maas-Bakker RF, Hendrikx JJ, Bank PC, Rosing H, Beijnen JH, et al. The effect of complementary and alternative medicines on CYP3A4-mediated metabolism of three different substrates: 7-benzyloxy-4-trifluoromethyl-coumarin, midazolam and docetaxel. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology. 2014;66(6):865-74.
Meng Q, Liu K. Pharmacokinetic interactions between herbal medicines and prescribed drugs: focus on drug metabolic enzymes and transporters. Current Drug Metabolism. 2014;15(8):791-807.
Liu R, Tam TW, Mao J, Saleem A, Krantis A, Arnason JT, Foster BC. The effect of natural health products and traditional medicines on the activity of human hepatic microsomal-mediated metabolism of oseltamivir. Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2010;13(1):43-55.
Pages
29-34
Published
March 11, 2024
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1.
Çelebi A. Ekinezya (Echinacea Purpurea). In: Sakin A, editor. Kanser Hastalarının Başvurduğu Geleneksel ve Tamamlayıcı Tedaviler - Tıbbi Onkolog Gözü ile Bakış ve Onkolojik İlaçlarla Etkileşim [Internet]. Türkiye: Academician Publishing Book DOI Portal; 2024 [cited 2026 Jul. 13]. pp. 29-34. Available from: https://www.omp35.books.akademisyen.net/index.php/akya/catalog/book/2380/chapter/13885
