Travmadan Kurtulan Göçmenlerle Çalışan Profesyonellerde İkincil Travmatik Stres Tepkileri
Özet
Binlerce göçmen, menşei ülkede yaşadıkları savaş, şiddet, yoksulluk ve daha birçok nedenden kaçmak amacıyla göç etmektedir. Göç öncesi, transit sırasında ve göç sonrasında birçok travmatik duruma maruz kalabilmektedir. Sosyal hizmet uzmanları, hemşireler, hekimler psikologlar, gönüllüler ve avukatlar da dâhil olmak üzere bu mültecilerle çalışan profesyoneller, göçmenlerin yolculuklarıyla ilgili korkunç hikâyelere maruz kalabilmektedir. Bu durum bu profesyonellerin ruh sağlığı için ciddi bir risk oluşturmaktadır. Bu noktada, çalışmanın amacı, göçmenlerle çalışan profesyonellerin göçmenlerden kaynağını alan ikincil travma deneyimine dair literatürü incelemektir. Böylece profesyonellerin, deneyimlerini ve zorluğu anlamlandırma ve kavramsallaştırmada önemli bir katkı sağlamak amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada ilk olarak travma konusu ele alınacaktır, ardından ikincil travmanın kavramsallaştırılması amacıyla göç bağlamında ikincil travma, karşı aktarım, merhamet yorgunluğu ve tükenmişlik konularına yer verilmiştir.
Referanslar
Perruchoud R. Glossary on migration (No. 1). UN. 2004
De Leo A, Cotrufo P, Gozzoli C. The refugee experience of asylum seekers in Italy: A qualitative study on the intertwining of protective and risk factors. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health; 2022; 1-13.doi:10.1007/s10903-021-01296-3
Carta, M. G., Bernal, M., Hardoy, M. C. et al. the ‘‘Report on Mental Health in Europe’’working group. Migration and mental health in Europe (the state of the mental health in Europe working group: appendix 1). Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health; 2023; 1: 13. doi:10.1007/s10903-021-01296-3
Figley C R. Compassion fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized. Routledge; 2013.
Turgut İ. Travma mağduru mültecilerle çalışan meslek elemanlarının ruhsal sorunları üzerine karşılaştırma gruplu bir değerlendirme çalışması. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Haliç Üniversitesi; 2014.
Ünal Y, Kara K, Calayır A. et al. Türkiye’de yaşayan Suriyeli mültecilere psikososyal destek sunan insani yardım çalışanlarının yaşam kalitesi düzeylerinin belirlenmesi. 2017 [Poster sunumu].
Acar Z. Mülteci ve sığınmacılarla çalışan meslek elemanlarında depresyon düzeyi, stres ve tükenmişlik belirtilerinin psikososyal risk faktörlerinin incelenmesi. Master's thesis, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; 2021.
Uyan Semerci P, Yurttagüler L. Birlikte Yaşamak Projesi Göç Alanında Saha Çalışanları İhtiyaçlar ve Öneriler Raporu. 2018. Erişim tarihi: 02.06.2024. Erişim Adresi: https://goc.bilgi.edu.tr/media/uploads/2019/05/08/rapor-goc-saha-calisanlari-ihtiyaclar-oneriler.pdf
Allen J G. Traumatic relationships and serious mental disorders. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.; 2001
Herman JL. Travma ve İyileşme. Literatür Yayınları 4. Baskı. İstanbul; 2016
Kaya Z. Travma psikolojik danışmanlığında kavramsal çerçeve. İçinde: Travma psikolojik danışmanlığı, Ed: Firdevs Savi Çakar, 4. baskı, 1. bölüm, Pegem Akademi Yayınları; 2023: 1-32.
Pearlman LA, Saakvitne KW. Trauma and the therapist: Countertransference and vicarious traumatization in psychotherapy with incest survivors. WW Norton & Company.; 1995
Herbert C. Travma sonrası psikolojik tepkileri anlamak. Psikonet; 2018.
Jones E, Wessely S. Psychological trauma: A historical perspective. Psychiatry. 2006;7:217-220.
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Text revision.
Wagner AW, Jakupcak M. Chapter 3. Combat-related stress reactions among U.S. veterans of wartime service. In: Laurence JH, Matthews MD, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Military Psychology. OUP USA; 2012
Summerfield D. The invention of post-traumatic stress disorder and the social usefulness of a psychiatric category. BMJ. 2001;322(7278):95-98. doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7278.95.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. Vol 5, No 5. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
Johnston J. The impact of yoga on military personnel with post traumatic stress disorder. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Northeastern University, Boston, MA; 2011: 5-6
Breslau N, Kessler RC, Chilcoat HD, Schultz LR, Davis GC, Andreski P. Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in the community: the 1996 Detroit Area Survey of Trauma. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55(7):626-632. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.55.7.626.
Giller E. What is psychological trauma. Sidran Institute;1999; 15: 2021.
Hauff E, Vaglum P. Chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnamese refugees. A prospective community study of prevalence, course, psychopathology, and stressors. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1994;182(2):85-90. doi:10.1097/00005053-199402000-00004.
Lanzara R, Scipioni M, Conti C. A Clinical-Psychological Perspective on Somatization Among Immigrants: A Systematic Review. Front Psychol. 2019;9:2792. Published 2019 Jan 17. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02792.
Steel JL, Dunlavy AC, Harding CE, Theorell T. The Psychological Consequences of Pre-Emigration Trauma and Post-Migration Stress in Refugees and Immigrants from Africa. J Immigr Minor Health. 2017;19(3):523-532. doi:10.1007/s10903-016-0478-z.
Kara Y, Turgut Akan Ş. İnsan ticareti riski altında bulunan refakatsiz göçmen çocuklar: Sorunlar, ihtiyaçlar ve çözüm önerileri. Sosyal ve beşeri bilimler modern değerlendirmeler ve araştırmalar içinde. Ed: Sansar MF, Sarıoğlan M. Livre de Lyon; 2023: 103-121.
Samarasinghe K, Arvidsson B. 'It is a different war to fight here in Sweden'--the impact of involuntary migration on the health of refugee families in transition. Scand J Caring Sci. 2002;16(3):292-301. doi:10.1046/j.1471-6712.2002.00089.x.
Bragazzi NL, Puente G D, Natta W M. Somatic perception, cultural differences and immigration: results from administration of the Modified Somatic Perception Questionnaire (MSPQ) to a sample of immigrants. Psychology research and behavior management; 2014; 161-166
Kara Y. Göçmenlere yönelik ihmal ve istismar vakalarında iletişimin önemi. İçinde: Göçmen sağlığında iletişim. Ed: Ghiasee A. Nobel; 2022: 103-121.
Akçabozan-Kayabol NB, Ünlü-Kaynakçı FZ. İkincil travma, travma sonrası büyüme ve öz bakım. İçinde: Savi-Çakar F, ed. Travma psikolojik danışmanlığı. Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık; 2022: 368-402.
Bhugra D, Gupta S, Bhui K, et al. WPA guidance on mental health and mental health care in migrants. World Psychiatry. 2011;10(1):2-10. doi:10.1002/j.2051-5545.2011.tb00002.x.
Ventriglio A, Bellomo A, Vitrani G, Stella E, Gentile A, Bhugra D. Migration, violence, and the role of psychiatry in Italy. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2017;29(4):327-333. doi:10.1080/09540261.2017.1343532.
Bjornestad AG, Schweinle A, Elhai JD. Measuring secondary traumatic stress symptoms in military spouses with the posttraumatic stress disorder checklist military version. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2014;202(12):864-869. doi:10.1097/NMD.0000000000000213.
Dekel R, Monson CM. Military-related post-traumatic stress disorder and family relations: Current knowledge and future directions. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 2010;15(4):303-309.
Galovski T, Lyons JA. Psychological sequelae of combat violence: A review of the impact of PTSD on the veteran's family and possible interventions. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 2004;9(5):477-501.
Bride B E, Robinson M M, Yegidis B, Figley C R. Development and validation of the secondary traumatic stress scale. Research on Social Work Practice;2004; 14: 27-35.
Elwood LS, Mott J, Lohr JM, Galovski TE. Secondary trauma symptoms in clinicians: a critical review of the construct, specificity, and implications for trauma-focused treatment. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;31(1):25-36. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.09.004.
Kindermann D, Schmid C, Derreza-Greeven C, et al. Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Secondary Traumatization in Interpreters for Refugees: A Cross-Sectional Study. Psychopathology. 2017;50(4):262-272. doi:10.1159/000477670.
Bride BE. Prevalence of secondary traumatic stress among social workers. Soc Work. 2007;52(1):63-70. doi:10.1093/sw/52.1.63.
Stellman JM, Smith RP, Katz CL, et al. Enduring mental health morbidity and social function impairment in world trade center rescue, recovery, and cleanup workers: the psychological dimension of an environmental health disaster. Environ Health Perspect. 2008;116(9):1248-1253. doi:10.1289/ehp.11164.
Ghisi M, Novara C, Buodo G, et al. Psychological distress and post-traumatic symptoms following occupational accidents. Behav Sci (Basel). 2013;3(4):587-600. Published 2013 Oct 25. doi:10.3390/bs3040587.
Perrin MA, DiGrande L, Wheeler K, Thorpe L, Farfel M, Brackbill R. Differences in PTSD prevalence and associated risk factors among World Trade Center disaster rescue and recovery workers. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164(9):1385-1394. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.06101645.
Carswell K, Blackburn P, Barker C. The relationship between trauma, post-migration problems and the psychological well-being of refugees and asylum seekers. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2011;57(2):107-119. doi:10.1177/0020764009105699.
Gomez A. Vicarious trauma and posttraumatic growth: A study of how interpreters working in psychotherapy are impacted by their work. Doctoral dissertation, Dublin Business School; 2012..
Hasdemir D. Mülteci travmasının tercümanlar üzerindeki etkileri: Dolaylı travmatizasyon ve başa çıkmanın niteliksel bir analizi. Yüksek lisans tezi, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi; 2018
Stanković B. Helpers, volunteers and vicarious trauma: Workshop results. In: Forced Migration and Social Trauma. Routledge; 2018:249-259.
Živanović M, Vukčević Marković M. Latent structure of secondary traumatic stress, its precursors, and effects on people working with refugees. PLoS One. 2020;15(10):e0241545. Published 2020 Oct 30. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0241545
Kocer D, Farriols N, Cifre I. at al. PTSD Among Refugee Rescue Workers: Effects of Compassion Satisfaction and Fatigue on Burnout. Journal of Loss and Trauma; 2024; 29(4): 421-437.
Chatzea VE, Sifaki-Pistolla D, Vlachaki SA, Melidoniotis E, Pistolla G. PTSD, burnout and well-being among rescue workers: Seeking to understand the impact of the European refugee crisis on rescuers. Psychiatry Res. 2018;262:446-451. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.09.022.
Tehrani N. The cost of caring–the impact of secondary trauma on assumptions, values and beliefs. Counselling Psychology Quarterly; 2007; 20(4): 325-339.
Johansen KH. Countertransference and divorce of the therapist. In: Gold JH, Nemiah JC, editors. Beyond transference: When the therapist's real life intrudes. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1993.
Alayarian A. Counter-transference in working with refugees. Self & Society; 2004; 32(5): 42-46.
Eleftheriadou Z. Psychotherapeutic work with refugees: Understanding the therapist's countertransference. Psychodynamic Counselling; 1999; 5(2): 219-230.
Adams RE, Boscarino JA, Figley CR. Compassion fatigue and psychological distress among social workers: a validation study. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2006;76(1):103-108. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.1.103.
Bearss B, Martin A, Dorsey Vinton S, et al. "Too Many Jobs and Not Enough Hands": Immigrant and Refugee Community Health Workers at the Frontlines of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Qual Health Res. 2024;34(1-2):86-100. doi:10.1177/10497323231204741.
MIddleton J. Addressing secondary trauma and compassion fatigue in work with older veterans: An ethical imperative. Ageing Life Care J, 5;2015; 1-8.
Aldamen Y. Can a negative representation of refugees in social media lead to compassion fatigue? An analysis of the perspectives of a sample of Syrian refugees in Jordan and Turkey. Journalism and Media; 2023; 4(1): 90-104.
Gemignani M, Giliberto M. Constructions of burnout, identity, and self-care in professionals working toward the psychosocial care of refugees and asylum seekers in Italy. Journal of Constructivist Psychology; 2021; 34(1): 56-78.
Kim YJ. Secondary Traumatic Stress and Burnout of North Korean Refugees Service Providers. Psychiatry Investig. 2017;14(2):118-125. doi:10.4306/pi.2017.14.2.118.
Hong HJ, Sung MH. Factors affecting burnout of staff in emergency medical service (focusing on 119 rescuers in Busan and Gyeongnam). Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing; 2012; 21(2); 164-173.
Posselt M, Deans C, Baker A. et al.. Clinician wellbeing: The impact of supporting refugee and asylum seeker survivors of torture and trauma in the Australian context. Australian Psychologist; 2019; 54(5): 415-426.
Sagaltici E, Cetinkaya M, Nielsen SY., et al. Identified predictors and levels of burnout among staff workers in a refugee camp of first immigrant group: A cross-sectional study. Medicine; 2022; 11(1):135-41
De Leo A, Cotrufo P, Gozzoli C. The refugee experience of asylum seekers in Italy: A qualitative study on the intertwining of protective and risk factors. Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health; 2022; 1-13.doi:10.1007/s10903-021-01296-3
Carta, M. G., Bernal, M., Hardoy, M. C. et al. the ‘‘Report on Mental Health in Europe’’working group. Migration and mental health in Europe (the state of the mental health in Europe working group: appendix 1). Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health; 2023; 1: 13. doi:10.1007/s10903-021-01296-3
Figley C R. Compassion fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized. Routledge; 2013.
Turgut İ. Travma mağduru mültecilerle çalışan meslek elemanlarının ruhsal sorunları üzerine karşılaştırma gruplu bir değerlendirme çalışması. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi. Haliç Üniversitesi; 2014.
Ünal Y, Kara K, Calayır A. et al. Türkiye’de yaşayan Suriyeli mültecilere psikososyal destek sunan insani yardım çalışanlarının yaşam kalitesi düzeylerinin belirlenmesi. 2017 [Poster sunumu].
Acar Z. Mülteci ve sığınmacılarla çalışan meslek elemanlarında depresyon düzeyi, stres ve tükenmişlik belirtilerinin psikososyal risk faktörlerinin incelenmesi. Master's thesis, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü; 2021.
Uyan Semerci P, Yurttagüler L. Birlikte Yaşamak Projesi Göç Alanında Saha Çalışanları İhtiyaçlar ve Öneriler Raporu. 2018. Erişim tarihi: 02.06.2024. Erişim Adresi: https://goc.bilgi.edu.tr/media/uploads/2019/05/08/rapor-goc-saha-calisanlari-ihtiyaclar-oneriler.pdf
Allen J G. Traumatic relationships and serious mental disorders. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.; 2001
Herman JL. Travma ve İyileşme. Literatür Yayınları 4. Baskı. İstanbul; 2016
Kaya Z. Travma psikolojik danışmanlığında kavramsal çerçeve. İçinde: Travma psikolojik danışmanlığı, Ed: Firdevs Savi Çakar, 4. baskı, 1. bölüm, Pegem Akademi Yayınları; 2023: 1-32.
Pearlman LA, Saakvitne KW. Trauma and the therapist: Countertransference and vicarious traumatization in psychotherapy with incest survivors. WW Norton & Company.; 1995
Herbert C. Travma sonrası psikolojik tepkileri anlamak. Psikonet; 2018.
Jones E, Wessely S. Psychological trauma: A historical perspective. Psychiatry. 2006;7:217-220.
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Text revision.
Wagner AW, Jakupcak M. Chapter 3. Combat-related stress reactions among U.S. veterans of wartime service. In: Laurence JH, Matthews MD, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Military Psychology. OUP USA; 2012
Summerfield D. The invention of post-traumatic stress disorder and the social usefulness of a psychiatric category. BMJ. 2001;322(7278):95-98. doi:10.1136/bmj.322.7278.95.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. Vol 5, No 5. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
Johnston J. The impact of yoga on military personnel with post traumatic stress disorder. Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Northeastern University, Boston, MA; 2011: 5-6
Breslau N, Kessler RC, Chilcoat HD, Schultz LR, Davis GC, Andreski P. Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in the community: the 1996 Detroit Area Survey of Trauma. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1998;55(7):626-632. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.55.7.626.
Giller E. What is psychological trauma. Sidran Institute;1999; 15: 2021.
Hauff E, Vaglum P. Chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in Vietnamese refugees. A prospective community study of prevalence, course, psychopathology, and stressors. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1994;182(2):85-90. doi:10.1097/00005053-199402000-00004.
Lanzara R, Scipioni M, Conti C. A Clinical-Psychological Perspective on Somatization Among Immigrants: A Systematic Review. Front Psychol. 2019;9:2792. Published 2019 Jan 17. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02792.
Steel JL, Dunlavy AC, Harding CE, Theorell T. The Psychological Consequences of Pre-Emigration Trauma and Post-Migration Stress in Refugees and Immigrants from Africa. J Immigr Minor Health. 2017;19(3):523-532. doi:10.1007/s10903-016-0478-z.
Kara Y, Turgut Akan Ş. İnsan ticareti riski altında bulunan refakatsiz göçmen çocuklar: Sorunlar, ihtiyaçlar ve çözüm önerileri. Sosyal ve beşeri bilimler modern değerlendirmeler ve araştırmalar içinde. Ed: Sansar MF, Sarıoğlan M. Livre de Lyon; 2023: 103-121.
Samarasinghe K, Arvidsson B. 'It is a different war to fight here in Sweden'--the impact of involuntary migration on the health of refugee families in transition. Scand J Caring Sci. 2002;16(3):292-301. doi:10.1046/j.1471-6712.2002.00089.x.
Bragazzi NL, Puente G D, Natta W M. Somatic perception, cultural differences and immigration: results from administration of the Modified Somatic Perception Questionnaire (MSPQ) to a sample of immigrants. Psychology research and behavior management; 2014; 161-166
Kara Y. Göçmenlere yönelik ihmal ve istismar vakalarında iletişimin önemi. İçinde: Göçmen sağlığında iletişim. Ed: Ghiasee A. Nobel; 2022: 103-121.
Akçabozan-Kayabol NB, Ünlü-Kaynakçı FZ. İkincil travma, travma sonrası büyüme ve öz bakım. İçinde: Savi-Çakar F, ed. Travma psikolojik danışmanlığı. Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık; 2022: 368-402.
Bhugra D, Gupta S, Bhui K, et al. WPA guidance on mental health and mental health care in migrants. World Psychiatry. 2011;10(1):2-10. doi:10.1002/j.2051-5545.2011.tb00002.x.
Ventriglio A, Bellomo A, Vitrani G, Stella E, Gentile A, Bhugra D. Migration, violence, and the role of psychiatry in Italy. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2017;29(4):327-333. doi:10.1080/09540261.2017.1343532.
Bjornestad AG, Schweinle A, Elhai JD. Measuring secondary traumatic stress symptoms in military spouses with the posttraumatic stress disorder checklist military version. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2014;202(12):864-869. doi:10.1097/NMD.0000000000000213.
Dekel R, Monson CM. Military-related post-traumatic stress disorder and family relations: Current knowledge and future directions. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 2010;15(4):303-309.
Galovski T, Lyons JA. Psychological sequelae of combat violence: A review of the impact of PTSD on the veteran's family and possible interventions. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 2004;9(5):477-501.
Bride B E, Robinson M M, Yegidis B, Figley C R. Development and validation of the secondary traumatic stress scale. Research on Social Work Practice;2004; 14: 27-35.
Elwood LS, Mott J, Lohr JM, Galovski TE. Secondary trauma symptoms in clinicians: a critical review of the construct, specificity, and implications for trauma-focused treatment. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;31(1):25-36. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.09.004.
Kindermann D, Schmid C, Derreza-Greeven C, et al. Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Secondary Traumatization in Interpreters for Refugees: A Cross-Sectional Study. Psychopathology. 2017;50(4):262-272. doi:10.1159/000477670.
Bride BE. Prevalence of secondary traumatic stress among social workers. Soc Work. 2007;52(1):63-70. doi:10.1093/sw/52.1.63.
Stellman JM, Smith RP, Katz CL, et al. Enduring mental health morbidity and social function impairment in world trade center rescue, recovery, and cleanup workers: the psychological dimension of an environmental health disaster. Environ Health Perspect. 2008;116(9):1248-1253. doi:10.1289/ehp.11164.
Ghisi M, Novara C, Buodo G, et al. Psychological distress and post-traumatic symptoms following occupational accidents. Behav Sci (Basel). 2013;3(4):587-600. Published 2013 Oct 25. doi:10.3390/bs3040587.
Perrin MA, DiGrande L, Wheeler K, Thorpe L, Farfel M, Brackbill R. Differences in PTSD prevalence and associated risk factors among World Trade Center disaster rescue and recovery workers. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164(9):1385-1394. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.06101645.
Carswell K, Blackburn P, Barker C. The relationship between trauma, post-migration problems and the psychological well-being of refugees and asylum seekers. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2011;57(2):107-119. doi:10.1177/0020764009105699.
Gomez A. Vicarious trauma and posttraumatic growth: A study of how interpreters working in psychotherapy are impacted by their work. Doctoral dissertation, Dublin Business School; 2012..
Hasdemir D. Mülteci travmasının tercümanlar üzerindeki etkileri: Dolaylı travmatizasyon ve başa çıkmanın niteliksel bir analizi. Yüksek lisans tezi, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi; 2018
Stanković B. Helpers, volunteers and vicarious trauma: Workshop results. In: Forced Migration and Social Trauma. Routledge; 2018:249-259.
Živanović M, Vukčević Marković M. Latent structure of secondary traumatic stress, its precursors, and effects on people working with refugees. PLoS One. 2020;15(10):e0241545. Published 2020 Oct 30. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0241545
Kocer D, Farriols N, Cifre I. at al. PTSD Among Refugee Rescue Workers: Effects of Compassion Satisfaction and Fatigue on Burnout. Journal of Loss and Trauma; 2024; 29(4): 421-437.
Chatzea VE, Sifaki-Pistolla D, Vlachaki SA, Melidoniotis E, Pistolla G. PTSD, burnout and well-being among rescue workers: Seeking to understand the impact of the European refugee crisis on rescuers. Psychiatry Res. 2018;262:446-451. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.09.022.
Tehrani N. The cost of caring–the impact of secondary trauma on assumptions, values and beliefs. Counselling Psychology Quarterly; 2007; 20(4): 325-339.
Johansen KH. Countertransference and divorce of the therapist. In: Gold JH, Nemiah JC, editors. Beyond transference: When the therapist's real life intrudes. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1993.
Alayarian A. Counter-transference in working with refugees. Self & Society; 2004; 32(5): 42-46.
Eleftheriadou Z. Psychotherapeutic work with refugees: Understanding the therapist's countertransference. Psychodynamic Counselling; 1999; 5(2): 219-230.
Adams RE, Boscarino JA, Figley CR. Compassion fatigue and psychological distress among social workers: a validation study. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2006;76(1):103-108. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.1.103.
Bearss B, Martin A, Dorsey Vinton S, et al. "Too Many Jobs and Not Enough Hands": Immigrant and Refugee Community Health Workers at the Frontlines of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Qual Health Res. 2024;34(1-2):86-100. doi:10.1177/10497323231204741.
MIddleton J. Addressing secondary trauma and compassion fatigue in work with older veterans: An ethical imperative. Ageing Life Care J, 5;2015; 1-8.
Aldamen Y. Can a negative representation of refugees in social media lead to compassion fatigue? An analysis of the perspectives of a sample of Syrian refugees in Jordan and Turkey. Journalism and Media; 2023; 4(1): 90-104.
Gemignani M, Giliberto M. Constructions of burnout, identity, and self-care in professionals working toward the psychosocial care of refugees and asylum seekers in Italy. Journal of Constructivist Psychology; 2021; 34(1): 56-78.
Kim YJ. Secondary Traumatic Stress and Burnout of North Korean Refugees Service Providers. Psychiatry Investig. 2017;14(2):118-125. doi:10.4306/pi.2017.14.2.118.
Hong HJ, Sung MH. Factors affecting burnout of staff in emergency medical service (focusing on 119 rescuers in Busan and Gyeongnam). Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing; 2012; 21(2); 164-173.
Posselt M, Deans C, Baker A. et al.. Clinician wellbeing: The impact of supporting refugee and asylum seeker survivors of torture and trauma in the Australian context. Australian Psychologist; 2019; 54(5): 415-426.
Sagaltici E, Cetinkaya M, Nielsen SY., et al. Identified predictors and levels of burnout among staff workers in a refugee camp of first immigrant group: A cross-sectional study. Medicine; 2022; 11(1):135-41
Sayfalar
145-157
Gelecek
22 Ocak 2025
Telif Hakkı (c) 2025 Akademisyen Yayınevi Kitap DOI Portalı
