Dalak Yokluğu Yada Fonksiyon Bozukluğunda Ateş
Özet
Dalak, kan dolaşımındaki patojenlerin temizlenmesinde ve özellikle kapsüllü bakterilerin neden olduğu enfeksiyonların kontrolünde merkezi bir rol oynar. Dalak fonksiyonu bozulmuş bir hastada ateş, olası sepsis için bir uyarı işaretidir ve tıbbi acil bir durum olarak tedavi edilmelidir. Asplenik ve fonksiyonel olarak hiposplenik hastalar, kapsüllenmiş bakterilerin (Örneğin, Streptococcus Pneumoniae , Haemophilus İnfluenzae ve Neisseria Meningitidis) kan yoluyla bulaşan parazitlerin ve dalağın kontrolde önemli bir rol oynadığı diğer enfeksiyonların neden olduğu ciddi ve ağır enfeksiyonlara karşı risk altındadır. Bu patojenlerle enfeksiyon hızla ölümcül olabilir ve acil ampirik antibiyotik uygulaması bakım için kritik öneme sahiptir.
Referanslar
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Borges da Silva H, Fonseca R, Pereira RM, et al. Splenic Macrophage Subsets and TheirFunction during Blood-Borne Infections. Front Immunol 2015; 6:480.
Kanhutu K, Jones P, Cheng AC, Grannell L, Best E, Spelman D. Spleen Australia guidelines for the prevention of sepsis in patients with asplenia and hyposplenism in Australia and New Zealand. Intern Med J. 2017 Aug;47(8):848-855. doi: 10.1111/imj.13348. PMID: 27925427.
Di Sabatino A, Carsetti R, Corazza GR. Post-splenectomy and hyposplenic states. Lancet. 2011 Jul 2;378(9785):86-97. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61493-6. Epub 2011 Apr 5. PMID: 21474172.
Thomsen RW, Schoonen WM, Farkas DK, et al. Risk for hospital contact with infection in patients with splenectomy: a population-based cohort study. Ann Intern Med 2009; 151:546.
Kristinsson SY, Gridley G, Hoover RN, et al. Long-term risks after splenectomy among 8,149 cancer-free American veterans: a cohort study with up to 27 years follow-up. Haematologica 2014; 99:392.
Tan KH. Fulminating pneumococcal septicaemia and meningitis in an adult twenty years after splenectomy for a ruptured spleen. Neth J Surg 1982; 34:222.
Kyaw MH, Holmes EM, Toolis F, et al. Evaluation of severe infection and survival after splenectomy. Am J Med 2006; 119:276.e1.
Holdsworth RJ, Irving AD, Cuschieri A. Postsplenectomy sepsis and its mortality rate: actual versus perceived risks. Br J Surg 1991; 78:1031.
Chong J, Jones P, Spelman D, Leder K, Cheng AC. Overwhelming post-splenectomy sepsis in patients with asplenia and hyposplenia: a retrospective cohort study. Epidemiol Infect. 2017 Jan;145(2):397-400. doi: 10.1017/S0950268816002405. Epub 2016 Oct 25. PMID: 27776576; PMCID: PMC9507625.
Theilacker C, Ludewig K, Serr A, et al. Overwhelming Postsplenectomy Infection: A Prospective Multicenter Cohort Study. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 62:871.
Adriani KS, Brouwer MC, van der Ende A, van de Beek D. Bacterial meningitis in adults after splenectomy and hyposplenic states. Mayo Clin Proc 2013; 88:571.
Ram S, Lewis LA, Rice PA. Infections of people with complement deficiencies and patients who have undergone splenectomy. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2010 Oct;23(4):740-80. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00048-09. PMID: 20930072; PMCID: PMC2952982.
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de Porto AP, Lammers AJ, Bennink RJ, et al. Assessment of splenic function. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 29:1465.
Cesta MF. Normal structure, function, and histology of the spleen. Toxicol Pathol 2006; 34:455.
van Krieken JH, te Velde J. Normal histology of the human spleen. Am J Surg Pathol 1988; 12:777.
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Wojtowicz JM, Longden Jones G. Streptococcus pneumoniae-induced purpura fulminans in a woman with functional asplenia. CJEM. 2014 Jul;16(4):339-42. doi: 10.2310/8000.2013.130990. PMID: 25060091.
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McCavit TL, Xuan L, Zhang S, Flores G, Quinn CT. Hospitalization for invasive pneumococcal disease in a national sample of children with sickle cell disease before and after PCV7 licensure. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2012 Jun;58(6):945-9. doi: 10.1002/pbc.23259. Epub 2011 Jul 25. PMID: 21793185; PMCID: PMC4248562.
Marrie TJ, Tyrrell GJ, Majumdar SR, Eurich DT. Asplenic patients and invasive pneumococcal disease-how bad is it these days? Int J Infect Dis. 2016 Oct;51:27-30. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.08.022. Epub 2016 Aug 30. PMID: 27590561.
Hirst C, Owusu-Ofori S. Prophylactic antibiotics for preventing pneumococcal infection in children with sickle cell disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Nov 6;(11):CD003427. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003427.pub3. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Oct 10;10 :CD003427. PMID: 25375222.
Winkelstein JA, Lambert GH, Swift A. Pneumococcal serum opsonizing activity in splenectomized children. J Pediatr. 1975 Sep;87(3):430-3. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(75)80652-4. PMID: 240922.
Cober MP, Phelps SJ. Penicillin prophylaxis in children with sickle cell disease. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2010 Jul;15(3):152-9. PMID: 22477807; PMCID: PMC3018247.
Schutze GE, Mason EO Jr, Barson WJ, Kim KS, Wald ER, Givner LB, Tan TQ, Bradley JS, Yogev R, Kaplan SL. Invasive pneumococcal infections in children with asplenia. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002 Apr;21(4):278-82. doi: 10.1097/00006454-200204000-00004. PMID: 12075756.
Zahid MF, Bains APS. Rapidly fatal Klebsiella pneumoniae sepsis in a patient with pyruvate kinase deficiency and asplenia. Blood. 2017 Dec 28;130(26):2906. doi: 10.1182/blood-2017-08-803841. PMID: 29284613.
Tartof SY, Gounder P, Weiss D, Lee L, Cassiday PK, Clark TA, Briere EC; Bordetella holmesii Working Group. Bordetella holmesii bacteremia cases in the United States, April 2010-January 2011. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jan;58(2):e39-43. doi: 10.1093/cid/cit669. Epub 2013 Oct 2. PMID: 24092805; PMCID: PMC4606926.
Livovsky DM, Leibowitz D, Hidalgo-Grass C, Temper V, Salameh S, Korem M. Bordetella holmesii meningitis in an asplenic patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Med Microbiol. 2012 Aug;61(Pt 8):1165-1167. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.038208-0. Epub 2012 May 3. PMID: 22556329.
Khawari AA, Myers JW, Ferguson DA Jr, Moorman JP. Sepsis and meningitis due to Capnocytophaga cynodegmi after splenectomy. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Jun 1;40(11):1709-10. doi: 10.1086/430178. PMID: 15889384.
Butler T. Capnocytophaga canimorsus: an emerging cause of sepsis, meningitis, and post-splenectomy infection after dog bites. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015 Jul;34(7):1271-80. doi: 10.1007/s10096-015-2360-7. Epub 2015 Apr 1. PMID: 25828064.
Fong W, Timms V, Holmes N, Sintchenko V. Detection and incidence of Bordetella holmesii in respiratory specimens from patients with pertussis-like symptoms in New South Wales, Australia. Pathology. 2018 Apr;50(3):322-326. doi: 10.1016/j.pathol.2017.10.014. Epub 2018 Feb 15. PMID: 29455870..
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Mareedu N, Schotthoefer AM, Tompkins J, Hall MC, Fritsche TR, Frost HM. Risk Factors for Severe Infection, Hospitalization, and Prolonged Antimicrobial Therapy in Patients with Babesiosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2017 Oct;97(4):1218-1225. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0146. Epub 2017 Jul 19. PMID: 28722598; PMCID: PMC5637605.
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Han XY, Lin P, Amin HM, Ferrajoli A. Postsplenectomy cytomegaloviral mononucleosis: marked lymphocytosis, TCRgamma gene rearrangements, and impaired IgM response. Am J Clin Pathol. 2005 Apr;123(4):612-7. doi: 10.1309/HLBB-K8V0-A6T8-BYV8. PMID: 15743745.
Hasegawa T, Oshima Y, Yamamoto M, Sato Y. Fatal cytomegalovirus infection following cardiac surgery in a neonate with asplenia. Pediatr Int. 2016 Dec;58(12):1367-1368. doi: 10.1111/ped.13078. PMID: 28008743.
Xu F, Dai CL, Wu XM, Chu P. Overwhelming postsplenectomy infection due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae in an asplenic cirrhotic patient: case report. BMC Infect Dis. 2011 Jun 8;11:162. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-162. PMID: 21651767; PMCID: PMC3118146.
Sheng CF, Liu BY, Zhang HM, Zheng X. Overwhelming postsplenectomy infection. Genet Mol Res 2015; 14:2702.
Rabinstein A, Tikhomirov V, Kaluta A, Gelfmann N, Iannini P, Edwards L. Recurrent and prolonged fever in asplenic patients with human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. QJM. 2000 Mar;93(3):198-201. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/93.3.198-a. PMID: 10751242.
Brigden ML, Pattullo AL. Prevention and management of overwhelming postsplenectomy infection--an update. Crit Care Med. 1999 Apr;27(4):836-42. doi: 10.1097/00003246-199904000-00050. PMID: 10321679.
Nakamura K, Doi K, Okamoto K, Arai S, Ueha S, Matsushima K, Nakajima S, Yahagi N, Noiri E. Specific antibody in IV immunoglobulin for postsplenectomy sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2013 Aug;41(8):e163-70. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318287f1de. PMID: 23863254.
Davidson RN, Wall RA. Prevention and management of infections in patients without a spleen. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2001 Dec;7(12):657-60. doi: 10.1046/j.1198-743x.2001.00355.x. PMID: 11843905.
Wang J, McQuilten ZK, Wood EM, Aubron C. Intravenous immunoglobulin in critically ill adults: When and what is the evidence? J Crit Care. 2015 Jun;30(3):652.e9-16. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2015.01.022. Epub 2015 Feb 7. PMID: 25702845.
Bojesen AB, Lund A, Mortensen FV, Kirkegård J. Splenectomy and risk of COVID-19 infection, hospitalisation, and death. Infect Dis (Lond). 2021 Sep;53(9):678-683. doi: 10.1080/23744235.2021.1921257. Epub 2021 May 3. PMID: 33939582.
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Gilsdorf JR, Dawid S. Infections in asplenic patients. In: Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 9, Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ (Eds), Elsevier, Philadelphia 2020.
Borges da Silva H, Fonseca R, Pereira RM, et al. Splenic Macrophage Subsets and TheirFunction during Blood-Borne Infections. Front Immunol 2015; 6:480.
Kanhutu K, Jones P, Cheng AC, Grannell L, Best E, Spelman D. Spleen Australia guidelines for the prevention of sepsis in patients with asplenia and hyposplenism in Australia and New Zealand. Intern Med J. 2017 Aug;47(8):848-855. doi: 10.1111/imj.13348. PMID: 27925427.
Di Sabatino A, Carsetti R, Corazza GR. Post-splenectomy and hyposplenic states. Lancet. 2011 Jul 2;378(9785):86-97. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61493-6. Epub 2011 Apr 5. PMID: 21474172.
Thomsen RW, Schoonen WM, Farkas DK, et al. Risk for hospital contact with infection in patients with splenectomy: a population-based cohort study. Ann Intern Med 2009; 151:546.
Kristinsson SY, Gridley G, Hoover RN, et al. Long-term risks after splenectomy among 8,149 cancer-free American veterans: a cohort study with up to 27 years follow-up. Haematologica 2014; 99:392.
Tan KH. Fulminating pneumococcal septicaemia and meningitis in an adult twenty years after splenectomy for a ruptured spleen. Neth J Surg 1982; 34:222.
Kyaw MH, Holmes EM, Toolis F, et al. Evaluation of severe infection and survival after splenectomy. Am J Med 2006; 119:276.e1.
Holdsworth RJ, Irving AD, Cuschieri A. Postsplenectomy sepsis and its mortality rate: actual versus perceived risks. Br J Surg 1991; 78:1031.
Chong J, Jones P, Spelman D, Leder K, Cheng AC. Overwhelming post-splenectomy sepsis in patients with asplenia and hyposplenia: a retrospective cohort study. Epidemiol Infect. 2017 Jan;145(2):397-400. doi: 10.1017/S0950268816002405. Epub 2016 Oct 25. PMID: 27776576; PMCID: PMC9507625.
Theilacker C, Ludewig K, Serr A, et al. Overwhelming Postsplenectomy Infection: A Prospective Multicenter Cohort Study. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 62:871.
Adriani KS, Brouwer MC, van der Ende A, van de Beek D. Bacterial meningitis in adults after splenectomy and hyposplenic states. Mayo Clin Proc 2013; 88:571.
Ram S, Lewis LA, Rice PA. Infections of people with complement deficiencies and patients who have undergone splenectomy. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2010 Oct;23(4):740-80. doi: 10.1128/CMR.00048-09. PMID: 20930072; PMCID: PMC2952982.
Camp J, Bayrhuber M, Anka N, Heine V, Glattacker M, Farin-Glattacker E, Rieg S. Efficacy of a novel patient-focused intervention aimed at increasing adherence to guideline-based preventive measures in asplenic patients: the PrePSS trial. Infection. 2023 Sep 1. doi: 10.1007/s15010-023-02088-7. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 37653288.
Wang JK, Hsieh KH. Immunologic study of the asplenia syndrome. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1991 Nov;10(11):819-22. doi: 10.1097/00006454-199111000-00005. PMID: 1749693.
de Porto AP, Lammers AJ, Bennink RJ, et al. Assessment of splenic function. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2010; 29:1465.
Cesta MF. Normal structure, function, and histology of the spleen. Toxicol Pathol 2006; 34:455.
van Krieken JH, te Velde J. Normal histology of the human spleen. Am J Surg Pathol 1988; 12:777.
Vancauwenberghe T, Snoeckx A, Vanbeckevoort D, et al. Imaging of the spleen: what the clinician needs to know. Singapore Med J 2015; 56:133.
Wojtowicz JM, Longden Jones G. Streptococcus pneumoniae-induced purpura fulminans in a woman with functional asplenia. CJEM. 2014 Jul;16(4):339-42. doi: 10.2310/8000.2013.130990. PMID: 25060091.
Shahani L, Khardori N. Overwhelming Capnocytophaga canimorsus infection in a patient with asplenia. BMJ Case Rep. 2014 Apr 23;2014:bcr2013202768. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2013-202768. PMID: 24759159; PMCID: PMC4009846.
McCavit TL, Xuan L, Zhang S, Flores G, Quinn CT. Hospitalization for invasive pneumococcal disease in a national sample of children with sickle cell disease before and after PCV7 licensure. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2012 Jun;58(6):945-9. doi: 10.1002/pbc.23259. Epub 2011 Jul 25. PMID: 21793185; PMCID: PMC4248562.
Marrie TJ, Tyrrell GJ, Majumdar SR, Eurich DT. Asplenic patients and invasive pneumococcal disease-how bad is it these days? Int J Infect Dis. 2016 Oct;51:27-30. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.08.022. Epub 2016 Aug 30. PMID: 27590561.
Hirst C, Owusu-Ofori S. Prophylactic antibiotics for preventing pneumococcal infection in children with sickle cell disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Nov 6;(11):CD003427. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003427.pub3. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017 Oct 10;10 :CD003427. PMID: 25375222.
Winkelstein JA, Lambert GH, Swift A. Pneumococcal serum opsonizing activity in splenectomized children. J Pediatr. 1975 Sep;87(3):430-3. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(75)80652-4. PMID: 240922.
Cober MP, Phelps SJ. Penicillin prophylaxis in children with sickle cell disease. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2010 Jul;15(3):152-9. PMID: 22477807; PMCID: PMC3018247.
Schutze GE, Mason EO Jr, Barson WJ, Kim KS, Wald ER, Givner LB, Tan TQ, Bradley JS, Yogev R, Kaplan SL. Invasive pneumococcal infections in children with asplenia. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2002 Apr;21(4):278-82. doi: 10.1097/00006454-200204000-00004. PMID: 12075756.
Zahid MF, Bains APS. Rapidly fatal Klebsiella pneumoniae sepsis in a patient with pyruvate kinase deficiency and asplenia. Blood. 2017 Dec 28;130(26):2906. doi: 10.1182/blood-2017-08-803841. PMID: 29284613.
Tartof SY, Gounder P, Weiss D, Lee L, Cassiday PK, Clark TA, Briere EC; Bordetella holmesii Working Group. Bordetella holmesii bacteremia cases in the United States, April 2010-January 2011. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jan;58(2):e39-43. doi: 10.1093/cid/cit669. Epub 2013 Oct 2. PMID: 24092805; PMCID: PMC4606926.
Livovsky DM, Leibowitz D, Hidalgo-Grass C, Temper V, Salameh S, Korem M. Bordetella holmesii meningitis in an asplenic patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Med Microbiol. 2012 Aug;61(Pt 8):1165-1167. doi: 10.1099/jmm.0.038208-0. Epub 2012 May 3. PMID: 22556329.
Khawari AA, Myers JW, Ferguson DA Jr, Moorman JP. Sepsis and meningitis due to Capnocytophaga cynodegmi after splenectomy. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Jun 1;40(11):1709-10. doi: 10.1086/430178. PMID: 15889384.
Butler T. Capnocytophaga canimorsus: an emerging cause of sepsis, meningitis, and post-splenectomy infection after dog bites. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015 Jul;34(7):1271-80. doi: 10.1007/s10096-015-2360-7. Epub 2015 Apr 1. PMID: 25828064.
Fong W, Timms V, Holmes N, Sintchenko V. Detection and incidence of Bordetella holmesii in respiratory specimens from patients with pertussis-like symptoms in New South Wales, Australia. Pathology. 2018 Apr;50(3):322-326. doi: 10.1016/j.pathol.2017.10.014. Epub 2018 Feb 15. PMID: 29455870..
Shepard CW, Daneshvar MI, Kaiser RM, Ashford DA, Lonsway D, Patel JB, Morey RE, Jordan JG, Weyant RS, Fischer M. Bordetella holmesii bacteremia: a newly recognized clinical entity among asplenic patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 Mar 15;38(6):799-804. doi: 10.1086/381888. Epub 2004 Mar 1. PMID: 14999621.
Mareedu N, Schotthoefer AM, Tompkins J, Hall MC, Fritsche TR, Frost HM. Risk Factors for Severe Infection, Hospitalization, and Prolonged Antimicrobial Therapy in Patients with Babesiosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2017 Oct;97(4):1218-1225. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0146. Epub 2017 Jul 19. PMID: 28722598; PMCID: PMC5637605.
O'Connell S, Lyons C, Abdou M, Patowary R, Aslam S, Kinsella N, Zintl A, Hunfeld KP, Wormser GP, Gray J, Merry C, Alizadeh H. Splenic dysfunction from celiac disease resulting in severe babesiosis. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2017 Jun;8(4):537-539. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2017.02.016. Epub 2017 Feb 28. PMID: 28286145.
Lipman HM. Preventing severe infection after splenectomy: risk of malaria and meningitis increases with asplenia. BMJ. 2005 Sep 10;331(7516):576. doi: 10.1136/bmj.331.7516.576-b. PMID: 16150776; PMCID: PMC1200623.
Han XY, Lin P, Amin HM, Ferrajoli A. Postsplenectomy cytomegaloviral mononucleosis: marked lymphocytosis, TCRgamma gene rearrangements, and impaired IgM response. Am J Clin Pathol. 2005 Apr;123(4):612-7. doi: 10.1309/HLBB-K8V0-A6T8-BYV8. PMID: 15743745.
Hasegawa T, Oshima Y, Yamamoto M, Sato Y. Fatal cytomegalovirus infection following cardiac surgery in a neonate with asplenia. Pediatr Int. 2016 Dec;58(12):1367-1368. doi: 10.1111/ped.13078. PMID: 28008743.
Xu F, Dai CL, Wu XM, Chu P. Overwhelming postsplenectomy infection due to Mycoplasma pneumoniae in an asplenic cirrhotic patient: case report. BMC Infect Dis. 2011 Jun 8;11:162. doi: 10.1186/1471-2334-11-162. PMID: 21651767; PMCID: PMC3118146.
Sheng CF, Liu BY, Zhang HM, Zheng X. Overwhelming postsplenectomy infection. Genet Mol Res 2015; 14:2702.
Rabinstein A, Tikhomirov V, Kaluta A, Gelfmann N, Iannini P, Edwards L. Recurrent and prolonged fever in asplenic patients with human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. QJM. 2000 Mar;93(3):198-201. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/93.3.198-a. PMID: 10751242.
Brigden ML, Pattullo AL. Prevention and management of overwhelming postsplenectomy infection--an update. Crit Care Med. 1999 Apr;27(4):836-42. doi: 10.1097/00003246-199904000-00050. PMID: 10321679.
Nakamura K, Doi K, Okamoto K, Arai S, Ueha S, Matsushima K, Nakajima S, Yahagi N, Noiri E. Specific antibody in IV immunoglobulin for postsplenectomy sepsis. Crit Care Med. 2013 Aug;41(8):e163-70. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318287f1de. PMID: 23863254.
Davidson RN, Wall RA. Prevention and management of infections in patients without a spleen. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2001 Dec;7(12):657-60. doi: 10.1046/j.1198-743x.2001.00355.x. PMID: 11843905.
Wang J, McQuilten ZK, Wood EM, Aubron C. Intravenous immunoglobulin in critically ill adults: When and what is the evidence? J Crit Care. 2015 Jun;30(3):652.e9-16. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2015.01.022. Epub 2015 Feb 7. PMID: 25702845.
Bojesen AB, Lund A, Mortensen FV, Kirkegård J. Splenectomy and risk of COVID-19 infection, hospitalisation, and death. Infect Dis (Lond). 2021 Sep;53(9):678-683. doi: 10.1080/23744235.2021.1921257. Epub 2021 May 3. PMID: 33939582.
Nuorti, J. P., & Whitney, C. G. (2010). Prevention of pneumococcal disease among infants and children: use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).
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Sayfalar
1-20
Gelecek
29 Nisan 2024
Telif Hakkı (c) 2024 Akademisyen Yayınevi Kitap Portalı
Lisans
LisansNasıl Atıf Yapılır
1.
Özgökçe Özmen B. Dalak Yokluğu Yada Fonksiyon Bozukluğunda Ateş. Içinde: Alabaz D, editör. Güncel Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları VII (Bahar) [Internet]. Türkiye: Akademisyen Yayınevi Kitap DOI Portalı; 2024 [a.yer 13 Temmuz 2026]. ss. 1-20. Erişim adresi: https://www.omp35.books.akademisyen.net/index.php/akya/catalog/book/3072/chapter/13343
