Gebelik ve Gastointestinal Sistem Hastalıkları
Özet
Gebelikte gastointestinal sistem yakınmaları son derece sık olarak izlenmektedir. Bu sebeple gebelik sırasında ortaya çıkan gastoinstestinal sisteme ait şikayetlerde ayırıcı tanı son derece önemli olup ayırıcı tanıda ise gebeliğe bağlı olan şikayetlerle obstretik olmayan karın içi patolojileri ayırmak bazen zor olabilmektedir. Üst gastrointestinal sistem hastalıklarında gebelikte en sık hiperemezis gravidarum izlenir. Bunun dışında gastroözofageal reflü, hiatal herni, diyafragma hernisi, peptik ülser ve üst gastointestinal kanama gibi durumlarda gebelikte görülebilmektedir. Gebelikte alt gastrointestinal sistem yakınları da üst gastrointestinal sistem kadar olmamakla birlikte gebelikte görülebilmektedir. Alt gastrointestinal sistem hastalıklarında inflamatuar bağırsak hastalığı olan ülseratif kolit ve crohn hastalığı, akut ishale neden olan patolojiler,bağırsak obstruksiyonları ve apandisit yer almaktadır.
Gastrointestinal complaints are observed very commonly during pregnancy. For this reason, gastrointestinal complaints occurring during pregnancy require a differential diagnosis, and it is sometimes difficult to identify pregnancy-related complaints from non-obstructive intra- abdominal pathologies in the differential diagnosis. In upper gastrointestinal system diseases, hyperemesis gravidarum is most commonly monitored in pregnancy. Moreover, gastroesophageal reflux, hiatal hernia, diaphragmatic hernia, peptic ulcer and upper gastrointestinal bleeding can be seen in pregnancy. While the lower gastrointestinal system is not as common as the upper gastrointestinal system, lower gastrointestinal system complaints can also be seen in pregnancy. Lower gastrointestinal system diseases include ulcerative colitis and crohn's disease which are inflammatory bowel diseases, pathologies causing acute diarrhea, intestinal obstructions and appendicitis.
Referanslar
Cappell, M.S.(1998). Colon cancer during pregnancy: the gastroenterologist's perspective. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, 27(1), 225-256.
Cappell, M. S., & Friedel, D. (2003). Abdominal pain during pregnancy. Gastroenterology Clinics, 32(1), 1-58.
Puškar, D., Balagović, I., Filipović, A., Knezović, N., Kopjar, M., Huis, M., & Gilja, I. (2001). Symptomatic Physiologic Hydronephrosis in PregnancyIncidence, Complications and Treatment. European Urology, 39(3), 260-263.
Petersson, C., Hedges, S., Stenqvist, K., Sandberg, T., Connell, H., & Svanborg, C. (1994). Suppressed antibody and interleukin-6 responses to acute pyelonephritis in pregnancy. Kidney international, 45(2), 571-577.
Lawson, M., Kern Jr, F., & Everson, G. T. (1985). Gastrointestinal transit time in human pregnancy: prolongation in the second and third trimesters followed by postpartum normalization. Gastroenterology, 89(5), 996-999.
Gain, O. W. (1994). Physiologic changes in pregnancy: surgical implications. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology, 37(2), 241-255.
Tan, P. C., Jacob, R., Quek, K. F., & Omar, S. Z. (2007). Pregnancy outcome in hyperemesis gravidarum and the effect of laboratory clinical indicators of hyperemesis severity. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, 33(4), 457-464.
Matsubara, S., Kuwata, T., Kamozawa, C., Sakamoto, Y., Suzuki, M., & Tamada, K. (2012). Connection between hyperemesis gravidarum, jaundice or liver dysfunction, and biliary sludge. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, 38(2), 446-448.
Verberg, M. F. G., Gillott, D. J., Al-Fardan, N., & Grudzinskas, J. G. (2005). Hyperemesis gravidarum, a literature review. Human reproduction update, 11(5), 527-539.
Nwoko, R., Plecas, D., & Garovic, V. D. (2012). Acute kidney injury in the pregnant patient. Clin Nephrol, 78(6), 478-86.
Chen, X., Yang, X., & Cheng, W. (2012). Diaphragmatic tear in pregnancy induced by intractable vomiting: a case report and review of the literature. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 25(9), 1822-1824.
Schwartz, M., & Rossoff, L. (1994). Pneumomediastinum and bilateral pneumothoraces in a patient with hyperemesis gravidarum. Chest, 106(6), 1904-1906.
Jewell, D., Young, G., & Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group. (1996). Interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2010(1).
Tan, P. C., Khine, P. P., Vallikkannu, N., & Omar, S. Z. (2010). Promethazine compared with metoclopramide for hyperemesis gravidarum: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 115(5), 975-981.
Duggar, C. R., & Carlan, S. J. (2001). The efficacy of methylprednisolone in the treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum: a randomized double-blind controlled study. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 97(4), S45.
Debby, A., Golan, A., Sadan, O., Glezerman, M., & Shirin, H. (2008). Clinical utility of esophagogastroduodenoscopy in the management of recurrent and intractable vomiting in pregnancy. The Journal of reproductive medicine, 53(5), 347-351.
Moss, S. F., Kidd, M., & Modlin, I. M. (2007). The status of the hiatus: the role of hernia in gastroesophageal reflux disease. Journal of clinical gastroenterology, 41, S144-S153.
Schwentner, L., Wulff, C., Kreienberg, R., & Herr, D. (2011). Exacerbation of a maternal hiatus hernia in early pregnancy presenting with symptoms of hyperemesis gravidarum: case report and review of the literature. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics, 283, 409-414.
KURZEL, R. B., NAUNHEIM, K. S., & SCHWARTZ, R. A. (1988). Repair of symptomatic diaphragmatic hernia during pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 71(6), 869-871.
Sharifah, H., Naidu, A., & Vimal, K. (2003). Diaphragmatic hernia: an unusual cause of postpartum collapse. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 110(7), 701-703.
Morcillo-López, I., Hidalgo-Mora, J. J., Baamonde, A., & Díaz-García, C. (2010). Gastric and diaphragmatic rupture in early pregnancy. Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery, 11(5), 713-715.
Ali, R. A. R., & Egan, L. J. (2007). Gastroesophageal reflux disease in pregnancy. Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology, 21(5), 793-806.
Sreedharan, R., & Mehta, D. I. (2004). Gastrointestinal tract. Pediatrics, 113(Supplement_3), 1044-1050.
Mehta, N., Saha, S., Chien, E. K., Esposti, S. D., & Segal, S. (2010). Disorders of the gastrointestinal tract in pregnancy. de Swiet's Medical Disorders in Obstetric Practice, 256-292.
Baron, T. H., Ramirez, B., & Richter, J. E. (1993). Gastrointestinal motility disorders during pregnancy. Annals of internal medicine, 118(5), 366-375.
Baron, T. H., Ramirez, B., & Richter, J. E. (1993). Gastrointestinal motility disorders during pregnancy. Annals of internal medicine, 118(5), 366-375.
O'mahony, S. (2007). Endoscopy in pregnancy. Best practice & research Clinical gastroenterology, 21(5), 893-899.
Camilleri, M., & Murray, J. A. (2008). Diarrhea and constipation. Harrisons Principles of Internal Medicine. Fauci, AS ed., McGraw Hill Medical, New York, 245-255.
Grimm, I. S., & Friedman, L. S. (1990). Inflammatory bowel disease in the elderly. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, 19(2), 361-389.
Selby, W. (1997). 4 The natural history of ulcerative colitis. Baillière's clinical gastroenterology, 11(1), 53-64.
Selby, W. S., Griffin, S., Abraham, N., & Solomon, M. J. (2002). Appendectomy protects against the development of ulcerative colitis but does not affect its course. The American journal of gastroenterology, 97(11), 2834-2838.
Novacek, G., Weltermann, A., Sobala, A., Tilg, H., Petritsch, W., Reinisch, W., ... & Eichinger, S. (2010). Inflammatory bowel disease is a risk factor for recurrent venous thromboembolism. Gastroenterology, 139(3), 779-787.
Mahadevan, U. (2004). Medical treatment of ulcerative colitis. Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery, 17(01), 7-19.
Alstead, E. (2001). Fertility and pregnancy in inflammatory bowel disease. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 7(4), 455.
Shmidt, E., & Dubinsky, M. C. (2022). Inflammatory bowel disease and pregnancy. Official journal of the American College of Gastroenterology| ACG, 117(10S), 60-68.
Fonager, K., Sørensen, H. T., Olsen, J., Dahlerup, J. F., & Rasmussen, S. N. (1998). Pregnancy outcome for women with Crohn’s disease: a follow-up study based on linkage between national registries. The American journal of gastroenterology, 93(12), 2426-2430.
Briggs, G. G. (2015). Commentary: New drugs in 2014 and pregnancy, lactation data. Family Practice News, 45(5), 12-14.
Modigliani, R. (1997). Drug therapy for ulcerative colitis during pregnancy. European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology, 9(9), 854-857.
Friedman, S. (2006). Cancer in Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology Clinics, 35(3), 621-639.
Yang, Y. X., & Lichtenstein, G. R. (2002). Corticosteroids in Crohn’s disease. The American journal of gastroenterology, 97(4), 803-823.
Hackzell-Bradley, M., Hedblad, M. A., & Stephansson, E. A. (1996). Metastatic Crohn's disease: report of 3 cases with special reference to histopathologic findings. Archives of dermatology, 132(8), 928-932.
Dominitz, J. A., Young, J. C., & Boyko, E. J. (2002). Outcomes of infants born to mothers with inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based cohort study. The American journal of gastroenterology, 97(3), 641-648
Meyerson, S., Holtz, T., Ehrinpreis, M., & Dhar, R. (1995). Small bowel obstruction in pregnancy. American Journal of Gastroenterology (Springer Nature), 90(2).
Lyell, D. J. (2011). Adhesions and perioperative complications of repeat cesarean delivery. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 205(6), S11-S18.
Shui, L. H., Rafi, J., Corder, A., & Mowbray, D. (2011). Mid-gut volvulus and mesenteric vessel thrombosis in pregnancy: case report and literature review. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 283, 39-43.
De Lima, A., Galjart, B., Wisse, P. H., Bramer, W. M., & van der Woude, C. J. (2015). Does lower gastrointestinal endoscopy during pregnancy pose a risk for mother and child?–a systematic review. Bmc Gastroenterology, 15, 1-11.
Mazze, R. I., & Kallen, B. (1991). Appendectomy during pregnancy: a Swedish registry study of 778 cases. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 77(6), 835-840.
Franca Neto, A. H. D., Amorim, M. M. R. D., & Nóbrega, B. M. S. V. (2015). Acute appendicitis in pregnancy: literature review. Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira, 61, 170-177.
Andersson, R. E., & Lambe, M. (2001). Incidence of appendicitis during pregnancy. International Journal of Epidemiology, 30(6), 1281-1285.
Miloudi, N., Brahem, M., Abid, S. B., Mzoughi, Z., Arfa, N., & Khalfallah, M. T. (2012). Acute appendicitis in pregnancy: specific features of diagnosis and treatment. Journal of visceral surgery, 149(4), e275-e279.
Pedrosa, I., Levine, D., Eyvazzadeh, A. D., Siewert, B., Ngo, L., & Rofsky, N. M. (2006). MR imaging evaluation of acute appendicitis in pregnancy. Radiology, 238(3), 891-899.
Dewhurst, C., Beddy, P., & Pedrosa, I. (2013). MRI evaluation of acute appendicitis in pregnancy. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 37(3), 566-575.
Blumenfeld, Y. J., Wong, A. E., Jafari, A., Barth, R. A., & El-Sayed, Y. Y. (2011). MR imaging in cases of antenatal suspected appendicitis–a meta-analysis. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 24(3), 485-488.
Theilen, L. H., Mellnick, V. M., Shanks, A. L., Tuuli, M. G., Odibo, A. O., Macones, G. A., & Cahill, A. G. (2017). Acute appendicitis in pregnancy: predictive clinical factors and pregnancy outcomes. American journal of perinatology, 34(06), 523-528.
Blumenfeld, Y., Rochon, M., Eddleman, K., & Freed, J. (2005). Laparotomy versus laparoscopy for antenatal appendectomy. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 193(6), S81.
Bhardwaj, S., Sharma, S., Bhardwaj, V., & Lal, R. (2021). Outcome of pregnancy with acute appendicitis–a retrospective study. International Surgery Journal, 8(2), 692-695.
Wei, P. L., Keller, J. J., Liang, H. H., & Lin, H. C. (2012). Acute appendicitis and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a nationwide population-based study. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, 16, 1204-1211.
Pastore, P. A., Loomis, D. M., & Sauret, J. (2006). Appendicitis in pregnancy. The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 19(6), 621-62
Cappell, M. S., & Friedel, D. (2003). Abdominal pain during pregnancy. Gastroenterology Clinics, 32(1), 1-58.
Puškar, D., Balagović, I., Filipović, A., Knezović, N., Kopjar, M., Huis, M., & Gilja, I. (2001). Symptomatic Physiologic Hydronephrosis in PregnancyIncidence, Complications and Treatment. European Urology, 39(3), 260-263.
Petersson, C., Hedges, S., Stenqvist, K., Sandberg, T., Connell, H., & Svanborg, C. (1994). Suppressed antibody and interleukin-6 responses to acute pyelonephritis in pregnancy. Kidney international, 45(2), 571-577.
Lawson, M., Kern Jr, F., & Everson, G. T. (1985). Gastrointestinal transit time in human pregnancy: prolongation in the second and third trimesters followed by postpartum normalization. Gastroenterology, 89(5), 996-999.
Gain, O. W. (1994). Physiologic changes in pregnancy: surgical implications. Clinical obstetrics and gynecology, 37(2), 241-255.
Tan, P. C., Jacob, R., Quek, K. F., & Omar, S. Z. (2007). Pregnancy outcome in hyperemesis gravidarum and the effect of laboratory clinical indicators of hyperemesis severity. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, 33(4), 457-464.
Matsubara, S., Kuwata, T., Kamozawa, C., Sakamoto, Y., Suzuki, M., & Tamada, K. (2012). Connection between hyperemesis gravidarum, jaundice or liver dysfunction, and biliary sludge. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research, 38(2), 446-448.
Verberg, M. F. G., Gillott, D. J., Al-Fardan, N., & Grudzinskas, J. G. (2005). Hyperemesis gravidarum, a literature review. Human reproduction update, 11(5), 527-539.
Nwoko, R., Plecas, D., & Garovic, V. D. (2012). Acute kidney injury in the pregnant patient. Clin Nephrol, 78(6), 478-86.
Chen, X., Yang, X., & Cheng, W. (2012). Diaphragmatic tear in pregnancy induced by intractable vomiting: a case report and review of the literature. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 25(9), 1822-1824.
Schwartz, M., & Rossoff, L. (1994). Pneumomediastinum and bilateral pneumothoraces in a patient with hyperemesis gravidarum. Chest, 106(6), 1904-1906.
Jewell, D., Young, G., & Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group. (1996). Interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2010(1).
Tan, P. C., Khine, P. P., Vallikkannu, N., & Omar, S. Z. (2010). Promethazine compared with metoclopramide for hyperemesis gravidarum: a randomized controlled trial. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 115(5), 975-981.
Duggar, C. R., & Carlan, S. J. (2001). The efficacy of methylprednisolone in the treatment of hyperemesis gravidarum: a randomized double-blind controlled study. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 97(4), S45.
Debby, A., Golan, A., Sadan, O., Glezerman, M., & Shirin, H. (2008). Clinical utility of esophagogastroduodenoscopy in the management of recurrent and intractable vomiting in pregnancy. The Journal of reproductive medicine, 53(5), 347-351.
Moss, S. F., Kidd, M., & Modlin, I. M. (2007). The status of the hiatus: the role of hernia in gastroesophageal reflux disease. Journal of clinical gastroenterology, 41, S144-S153.
Schwentner, L., Wulff, C., Kreienberg, R., & Herr, D. (2011). Exacerbation of a maternal hiatus hernia in early pregnancy presenting with symptoms of hyperemesis gravidarum: case report and review of the literature. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics, 283, 409-414.
KURZEL, R. B., NAUNHEIM, K. S., & SCHWARTZ, R. A. (1988). Repair of symptomatic diaphragmatic hernia during pregnancy. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 71(6), 869-871.
Sharifah, H., Naidu, A., & Vimal, K. (2003). Diaphragmatic hernia: an unusual cause of postpartum collapse. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 110(7), 701-703.
Morcillo-López, I., Hidalgo-Mora, J. J., Baamonde, A., & Díaz-García, C. (2010). Gastric and diaphragmatic rupture in early pregnancy. Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery, 11(5), 713-715.
Ali, R. A. R., & Egan, L. J. (2007). Gastroesophageal reflux disease in pregnancy. Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology, 21(5), 793-806.
Sreedharan, R., & Mehta, D. I. (2004). Gastrointestinal tract. Pediatrics, 113(Supplement_3), 1044-1050.
Mehta, N., Saha, S., Chien, E. K., Esposti, S. D., & Segal, S. (2010). Disorders of the gastrointestinal tract in pregnancy. de Swiet's Medical Disorders in Obstetric Practice, 256-292.
Baron, T. H., Ramirez, B., & Richter, J. E. (1993). Gastrointestinal motility disorders during pregnancy. Annals of internal medicine, 118(5), 366-375.
Baron, T. H., Ramirez, B., & Richter, J. E. (1993). Gastrointestinal motility disorders during pregnancy. Annals of internal medicine, 118(5), 366-375.
O'mahony, S. (2007). Endoscopy in pregnancy. Best practice & research Clinical gastroenterology, 21(5), 893-899.
Camilleri, M., & Murray, J. A. (2008). Diarrhea and constipation. Harrisons Principles of Internal Medicine. Fauci, AS ed., McGraw Hill Medical, New York, 245-255.
Grimm, I. S., & Friedman, L. S. (1990). Inflammatory bowel disease in the elderly. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, 19(2), 361-389.
Selby, W. (1997). 4 The natural history of ulcerative colitis. Baillière's clinical gastroenterology, 11(1), 53-64.
Selby, W. S., Griffin, S., Abraham, N., & Solomon, M. J. (2002). Appendectomy protects against the development of ulcerative colitis but does not affect its course. The American journal of gastroenterology, 97(11), 2834-2838.
Novacek, G., Weltermann, A., Sobala, A., Tilg, H., Petritsch, W., Reinisch, W., ... & Eichinger, S. (2010). Inflammatory bowel disease is a risk factor for recurrent venous thromboembolism. Gastroenterology, 139(3), 779-787.
Mahadevan, U. (2004). Medical treatment of ulcerative colitis. Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery, 17(01), 7-19.
Alstead, E. (2001). Fertility and pregnancy in inflammatory bowel disease. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 7(4), 455.
Shmidt, E., & Dubinsky, M. C. (2022). Inflammatory bowel disease and pregnancy. Official journal of the American College of Gastroenterology| ACG, 117(10S), 60-68.
Fonager, K., Sørensen, H. T., Olsen, J., Dahlerup, J. F., & Rasmussen, S. N. (1998). Pregnancy outcome for women with Crohn’s disease: a follow-up study based on linkage between national registries. The American journal of gastroenterology, 93(12), 2426-2430.
Briggs, G. G. (2015). Commentary: New drugs in 2014 and pregnancy, lactation data. Family Practice News, 45(5), 12-14.
Modigliani, R. (1997). Drug therapy for ulcerative colitis during pregnancy. European journal of gastroenterology & hepatology, 9(9), 854-857.
Friedman, S. (2006). Cancer in Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology Clinics, 35(3), 621-639.
Yang, Y. X., & Lichtenstein, G. R. (2002). Corticosteroids in Crohn’s disease. The American journal of gastroenterology, 97(4), 803-823.
Hackzell-Bradley, M., Hedblad, M. A., & Stephansson, E. A. (1996). Metastatic Crohn's disease: report of 3 cases with special reference to histopathologic findings. Archives of dermatology, 132(8), 928-932.
Dominitz, J. A., Young, J. C., & Boyko, E. J. (2002). Outcomes of infants born to mothers with inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based cohort study. The American journal of gastroenterology, 97(3), 641-648
Meyerson, S., Holtz, T., Ehrinpreis, M., & Dhar, R. (1995). Small bowel obstruction in pregnancy. American Journal of Gastroenterology (Springer Nature), 90(2).
Lyell, D. J. (2011). Adhesions and perioperative complications of repeat cesarean delivery. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 205(6), S11-S18.
Shui, L. H., Rafi, J., Corder, A., & Mowbray, D. (2011). Mid-gut volvulus and mesenteric vessel thrombosis in pregnancy: case report and literature review. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics, 283, 39-43.
De Lima, A., Galjart, B., Wisse, P. H., Bramer, W. M., & van der Woude, C. J. (2015). Does lower gastrointestinal endoscopy during pregnancy pose a risk for mother and child?–a systematic review. Bmc Gastroenterology, 15, 1-11.
Mazze, R. I., & Kallen, B. (1991). Appendectomy during pregnancy: a Swedish registry study of 778 cases. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 77(6), 835-840.
Franca Neto, A. H. D., Amorim, M. M. R. D., & Nóbrega, B. M. S. V. (2015). Acute appendicitis in pregnancy: literature review. Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira, 61, 170-177.
Andersson, R. E., & Lambe, M. (2001). Incidence of appendicitis during pregnancy. International Journal of Epidemiology, 30(6), 1281-1285.
Miloudi, N., Brahem, M., Abid, S. B., Mzoughi, Z., Arfa, N., & Khalfallah, M. T. (2012). Acute appendicitis in pregnancy: specific features of diagnosis and treatment. Journal of visceral surgery, 149(4), e275-e279.
Pedrosa, I., Levine, D., Eyvazzadeh, A. D., Siewert, B., Ngo, L., & Rofsky, N. M. (2006). MR imaging evaluation of acute appendicitis in pregnancy. Radiology, 238(3), 891-899.
Dewhurst, C., Beddy, P., & Pedrosa, I. (2013). MRI evaluation of acute appendicitis in pregnancy. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 37(3), 566-575.
Blumenfeld, Y. J., Wong, A. E., Jafari, A., Barth, R. A., & El-Sayed, Y. Y. (2011). MR imaging in cases of antenatal suspected appendicitis–a meta-analysis. The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 24(3), 485-488.
Theilen, L. H., Mellnick, V. M., Shanks, A. L., Tuuli, M. G., Odibo, A. O., Macones, G. A., & Cahill, A. G. (2017). Acute appendicitis in pregnancy: predictive clinical factors and pregnancy outcomes. American journal of perinatology, 34(06), 523-528.
Blumenfeld, Y., Rochon, M., Eddleman, K., & Freed, J. (2005). Laparotomy versus laparoscopy for antenatal appendectomy. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 193(6), S81.
Bhardwaj, S., Sharma, S., Bhardwaj, V., & Lal, R. (2021). Outcome of pregnancy with acute appendicitis–a retrospective study. International Surgery Journal, 8(2), 692-695.
Wei, P. L., Keller, J. J., Liang, H. H., & Lin, H. C. (2012). Acute appendicitis and adverse pregnancy outcomes: a nationwide population-based study. Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, 16, 1204-1211.
Pastore, P. A., Loomis, D. M., & Sauret, J. (2006). Appendicitis in pregnancy. The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 19(6), 621-62
Sayfalar
39-50
Gelecek
29 Nisan 2024
Telif Hakkı (c) 2024 Akademisyen Yayınevi Kitap Portalı
Lisans
LisansNasıl Atıf Yapılır
1.
Şafak İ. Gebelik ve Gastointestinal Sistem Hastalıkları. Içinde: Demir SC, editör. Güncel Kadın Hastalıkları ve Doğum Çalışmaları VII (Bahar) [Internet]. Türkiye: Akademisyen Yayınevi Kitap DOI Portalı; 2024 [a.yer 13 Temmuz 2026]. ss. 39-50. Erişim adresi: https://www.omp35.books.akademisyen.net/index.php/akya/catalog/book/3066/chapter/13404
