Kırım Kongo Kanamalı Ateşi
Özet
Kırım-Kongo kanamalı ateşi (KKKA), Hyalomma cinsi keneler tarafından bulaşan, ateş ve kanamalar ile karakterize zoonotik bir hastalıktır (1). Etken Kırım Kongo kanamalı ateşi virisüdür (KKAV). Her yıl Güneydoğu Avrupa ve Batı Asya’dan 1000’den fazla insan vakası bildirilmektedir. Başlıca bulaş yolu kene ısırıklarıdır. KKKA, Afrika, Orta Doğu, Asya ve Güneydoğu Avrupa’nın bazı kısımlarında endemiktir ve 30’dan fazla ülkede gözlemlenmiştir. Virüs, Ixodes familyasından sert gövdeli Hyalomma keneleri, özellikle Hyalomma marjinatum yoluyla bulaşır. Etken Bunyavirales takımında, Nairoviridae ailesinde, Orthonairovirus genusunda yer alan Kırım-Kongo Kanamalı Ateşi Virüsü (KKKAV)’dür. Klinik belirtilerin spektrumu subklinik hastalıktan (%88) kanama ve çoklu organ yetmezliği ile akut enfeksiyona kadar değişmektedir.
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a zoonotic disease transmitted by Hyalomma genus ticks and characterized by fever and hemorrhage. The causative agent is Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHF). More than 1,000 human cases are reported from Southeast Europe and Western Asia each year. The main mode of transmission is tick bites. CCHF is endemic in parts of Africa, the Middle East, Asia and Southeastern Europe and has been observed in more than 30 countries. The virus is transmitted by hard-bodied Hyalomma ticks of the Ixodes family, especially Hyalomma marginatum. The causative agent is Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCFV), which is located in the Bunyavirales order, Nairoviridae family, Orthonairovirus genus. The spectrum of clinical manifestations ranges from subclinical disease (88%) to acute infection with bleeding and multiorgan failure.
Referanslar
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Ergönül O. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Lancet Infect Dis. 2006 Apr;6(4):203-14. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70435-2. PMID: 16554245; PMCID: PMC7185836.
Hoogstraal H. The epidemiology of tick-borne Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Asia, Europe, and Africa. J Med Entomol. 1979 May 22;15(4):307-417. doi: 10.1093/jmedent/15.4.307. PMID: 113533.
Simpson DI, Knight EM, Courtois G, Williams MC, Weinbren MP, Kibukamusoke JW. Congo virus: a hitherto undescribed virus occurring in Africa. I. Human isolations--clinical notes. East Afr Med J. 1967 Feb;44(2):86-92. PMID: 6040759.
Mertens M, Schmidt K, Ozkul A, Groschup MH. The impact of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus on public health. Antiviral Res. 2013 May;98(2):248-60. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.02.007. Epub 2013 Feb 28. PMID: 23458713.
Leblebicioglu H, Ozaras R, Sunbul M. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: A neglected infectious disease with potential nosocomial infection threat. Am J Infect Control. 2017 Jul 1;45(7):815-816. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2016.05.039. Epub 2017 Apr 11. PMID: 28410826.
Yilmaz GR, Buzgan T, Irmak H, Safran A, Uzun R, Cevik MA, Torunoglu MA. The epidemiology of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Turkey, 2002-2007. Int J Infect Dis. 2009 May;13(3):380-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2008.07.021. Epub 2008 Nov 4. PMID: 18986819.
Aker S, Akıncı H, Kılıçoğlu C, Leblebicioglu H. The geographic distribution of cases of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: Kastamonu, Turkey. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2015 Sep;6(6):730-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.06.008. Epub 2015 Jun 22. PMID: 26139033.
Kırım-Kongo Kanamalı Ateşi. Türkiye SağlıkBakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. Ankara. 2004:1-23.
Aker S, Akıncı H, Kılıçoğlu C, Leblebicioglu H. The geographic distribution of cases of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: Kastamonu, Turkey. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2015 Sep;6(6):730-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.06.008. Epub 2015 Jun 22. PMID: 26139033.
Anagnostou V, Papa A. Evolution of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus. Infect Genet Evol. 2009 Sep;9(5):948-54. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.06.018. Epub 2009 Jun 26. PMID: 19560561.
Whitehouse CA. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Antiviral Res. 2004 Dec;64(3):145-60. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2004.08.001. PMID: 15550268.
Gonzalez JP, Cornet JP, Wilson ML, Camicas JL. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus replication in adult Hyalomma truncatum and Amblyomma variegatum ticks. Res Virol. 1991 Nov-Dec;142(6):483-8. doi: 10.1016/0923-2516(91)90071-a. PMID: 1803413.
Sekercioğlu CH. Guineafowl, ticks and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Turkey: the perfect storm? Trends Parasitol. 2013 Jan;29(1):1-2. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2012.10.001. Epub 2012 Dec 1. PMID: 23206535.
Gunduz A, Turkmen S, Turedi S, Nuhoglu I, Topbas M. Tick attachment sites. Wilderness Environ Med. 2008 Spring;19(1):4-6. doi: 10.1580/06-WEME-BR-067.1. PMID: 18333654.
Kar S, Dervis E, Akın A, Ergonul O, Gargili A. Preferences of different tick species for human hosts in Turkey. Exp Appl Acarol. 2013 Nov;61(3):349-55. doi: 10.1007/s10493-013-9698-2. Epub 2013 Apr 26. PMID: 23620419.
Ergonul O, Celikbas A, Yildirim U, Zenciroglu A, Erdogan D, Ziraman I, Saracoglu F, Demirel N, Cakmak O, Dokuzoguz B. Pregnancy and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010 Jun;16(6):647-50. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02905.x. Epub 2009 Sep 23. PMID: 19778302.
Erbay A, Cevik MA, Onguru P, Gözel G, Akinci E, Kubar A, Bodur H. Breastfeeding in Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Scand J Infect Dis. 2008;40(2):186-8. doi: 10.1080/00365540701649554. PMID: 17934982.
Ergonul O, Battal I. Potential sexual transmission of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever infection. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2014;67(2):137-8. doi: 10.7883/yoken.67.137. PMID: 24647261.
Pshenichnaya NY, Sydenko IS, Klinovaya EP, Romanova EB, Zhuravlev AS. Possible sexual transmission of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Int J Infect Dis. 2016 Apr;45:109-11. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.02.1008. Epub 2016 Mar 10. PMID: 26972040.
Leblebicioglu H. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Eurasia. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2010 Nov;36 Suppl 1:S43-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.06.020. PMID: 20810253.
Volume 27, Number 6—June 2021DispatchSeroepidemiologic Survey of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Logging Communities, Myanmar
Akıncı E, Bodur H, Leblebicioglu H. Pathogenesis of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2013 Jul;13(7):429-37. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2012.1061. Epub 2013 May 10. PMID: 23663164.
Bodur H, Akinci E, Ascioglu S, Öngürü P, Uyar Y. Subclinical infections with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Turkey. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012 Apr;18(4):640-2. doi: 10.3201/eid1804.111374. PMID: 22469474; PMCID: PMC3309668.
Vorou R, Pierroutsakos IN, Maltezou HC. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2007 Oct;20(5):495-500. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e3282a56a0a. PMID: 17762783.
Nabeth P, Thior M, Faye O, Simon F. Human Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Sénégal. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004 Oct;10(10):1881-2. doi: 10.3201/eid1010.040586. PMID: 15565746; PMCID: PMC3323271.
laldi N, Bodur H, Ascioglu S, Celikbas A, Ozkurt Z, Vahaboglu H, Leblebicioglu H, Yilmaz N, Engin A, Sencan M, Aydin K, Dokmetas I, Cevik MA, Dokuzoguz B, Tasyaran MA, Ozturk R, Bakir M, Uzun R. Efficacy of oral ribavirin treatment in Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever: a quasi-experimental study from Turkey. J Infect. 2009 Mar;58(3):238-44. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2009.01.014. Epub 2009 Feb 26. PMID: 19246100.
Swanepoel R, Shepherd AJ, Leman PA, Shepherd SP, McGillivray GM, Erasmus MJ, Searle LA, Gill DE. Epidemiologic and clinical features of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in southern Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1987 Jan;36(1):120-32. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1987.36.120. PMID: 3101525.
Dogan OT, Engin A, Salk I, Epozturk K, Eren SH, Elaldi N, Bakir M, Dokmetas I, Akkurt I. Evaluation of respiratory findings in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2011 Sep;42(5):1100-5. PMID: 22299435.
Engin A, Erdogan H, Ozec AV, Elaldi N, Toker MI, Bakir M, Dokmetas I, Arici MK. Ocular findings in patients with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009 Apr;147(4):634-638.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2008.11.014. Epub 2009 Feb 5. PMID: 19195635.
Yapar M, Aydogan H, Pahsa A, Besirbellioglu BA, Bodur H, Basustaoglu AC, Guney C, Avci IY, Sener K, Setteh MH, Kubar A. Rapid and quantitative detection of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus by one-step real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2005 Dec;58(6):358-62. PMID: 16377867.
Duh D, Saksida A, Petrovec M, Dedushaj I, Avsic-Zupanc T. Novel one-step real-time RT-PCR assay for rapid and specific diagnosis of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever encountered in the Balkans. J Virol Methods. 2006 May;133(2):175-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.11.006. Epub 2005 Dec 15. PMID: 16343650.
Atkinson B, Chamberlain J, Logue CH, Cook N, Bruce C, Dowall SD, Hewson R. Development of a real-time RT-PCR assay for the detection of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2012 Sep;12(9):786-93. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2011.0770. Epub 2012 Jan 4. PMID: 22217175.
Uyar Y, Carhan A, Albayrak N, Altaş AB. 2008 yili Kirim-Kongo kanamali ateşi olgularinin laboratuvar tanisinda PCR ve ELISA-IgM sonuçlarinin irdelenmesi [Evaluation of PCR and ELISA-IgM results in the laboratory diagnosis of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever cases in 2008 in Turkey]. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2010 Jan;44(1):57-64. Turkish. PMID: 20455399.
Koksal I, Yilmaz G, Aksoy F, Aydin H, Yavuz I, Iskender S, Akcay K, Erensoy S, Caylan R, Aydin K. The efficacy of ribavirin in the treatment of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Eastern Black Sea region in Turkey. J Clin Virol. 2010 Jan;47(1):65-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.11.007. Epub 2009 Dec 3. PMID: 19962342.
Ceylan B, Calıca A, Ak O, Akkoyunlu Y, Turhan V. Ribavirin is not effective against Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: observations from the Turkish experience. Int J Infect Dis. 2013 Oct;17(10):e799-801. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2013.02.030. Epub 2013 Jun 15. PMID: 23773242; PMCID: PMC7110843.
Mardani M, Jahromi MK, Naieni KH, Zeinali M. The efficacy of oral ribavirin in the treatment of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever in Iran. Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Jun 15;36(12):1613-8. doi: 10.1086/375058. Epub 2003 Jun 4. PMID: 12802764.
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Sharifi-Mood B, Alavi-Naini R, Metanat M, Mohammadi M, Shakeri A, Amjadi A. Efficacy of high-dose methylprednisolone in patients with Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever and severe thrombocytopenia. Trop Doct. 2013 Apr;43(2):49-53. doi: 10.1177/0049475513486642. Epub 2013 Jun 7. PMID: 23796671.
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Kubar A, Haciomeroglu M, Ozkul A, Bagriacik U, Akinci E, Sener K, Bodur H. Prompt administration of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) virus hyperimmunoglobulin in patients diagnosed with CCHF and viral load monitorization by reverse transcriptase-PCR. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2011;64(5):439-43. PMID: 21937830.
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Gozel MG, Dokmetas I, Oztop AY, Engin A, Elaldi N, Bakir M. Recommended precaution procedures protect healthcare workers from Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. Int J Infect Dis. 2013 Nov;17(11):e1046-50. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2013.05.005. Epub 2013 Jun 29. PMID: 23816412.
Conger NG, Paolino KM, Osborn EC, Rusnak JM, Günther S, Pool J, Rollin PE, Allan PF, Schmidt-Chanasit J, Rieger T, Kortepeter MG. Health care response to CCHF in US soldier and nosocomial transmission to health care providers, Germany, 2009. Emerg Infect Dis. 2015 Jan;21(1):23-31. doi: 10.3201/eid2101.141413. PMID: 25529825; PMCID: PMC4285246.
Ergönül O. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Lancet Infect Dis. 2006 Apr;6(4):203-14. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70435-2. PMID: 16554245; PMCID: PMC7185836.
Hoogstraal H. The epidemiology of tick-borne Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Asia, Europe, and Africa. J Med Entomol. 1979 May 22;15(4):307-417. doi: 10.1093/jmedent/15.4.307. PMID: 113533.
Simpson DI, Knight EM, Courtois G, Williams MC, Weinbren MP, Kibukamusoke JW. Congo virus: a hitherto undescribed virus occurring in Africa. I. Human isolations--clinical notes. East Afr Med J. 1967 Feb;44(2):86-92. PMID: 6040759.
Mertens M, Schmidt K, Ozkul A, Groschup MH. The impact of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus on public health. Antiviral Res. 2013 May;98(2):248-60. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.02.007. Epub 2013 Feb 28. PMID: 23458713.
Leblebicioglu H, Ozaras R, Sunbul M. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: A neglected infectious disease with potential nosocomial infection threat. Am J Infect Control. 2017 Jul 1;45(7):815-816. doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2016.05.039. Epub 2017 Apr 11. PMID: 28410826.
Yilmaz GR, Buzgan T, Irmak H, Safran A, Uzun R, Cevik MA, Torunoglu MA. The epidemiology of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Turkey, 2002-2007. Int J Infect Dis. 2009 May;13(3):380-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2008.07.021. Epub 2008 Nov 4. PMID: 18986819.
Aker S, Akıncı H, Kılıçoğlu C, Leblebicioglu H. The geographic distribution of cases of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: Kastamonu, Turkey. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2015 Sep;6(6):730-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.06.008. Epub 2015 Jun 22. PMID: 26139033.
Kırım-Kongo Kanamalı Ateşi. Türkiye SağlıkBakanlığı Halk Sağlığı Genel Müdürlüğü. Ankara. 2004:1-23.
Aker S, Akıncı H, Kılıçoğlu C, Leblebicioglu H. The geographic distribution of cases of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: Kastamonu, Turkey. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 2015 Sep;6(6):730-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.06.008. Epub 2015 Jun 22. PMID: 26139033.
Anagnostou V, Papa A. Evolution of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus. Infect Genet Evol. 2009 Sep;9(5):948-54. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.06.018. Epub 2009 Jun 26. PMID: 19560561.
Whitehouse CA. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Antiviral Res. 2004 Dec;64(3):145-60. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2004.08.001. PMID: 15550268.
Gonzalez JP, Cornet JP, Wilson ML, Camicas JL. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus replication in adult Hyalomma truncatum and Amblyomma variegatum ticks. Res Virol. 1991 Nov-Dec;142(6):483-8. doi: 10.1016/0923-2516(91)90071-a. PMID: 1803413.
Sekercioğlu CH. Guineafowl, ticks and Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Turkey: the perfect storm? Trends Parasitol. 2013 Jan;29(1):1-2. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2012.10.001. Epub 2012 Dec 1. PMID: 23206535.
Gunduz A, Turkmen S, Turedi S, Nuhoglu I, Topbas M. Tick attachment sites. Wilderness Environ Med. 2008 Spring;19(1):4-6. doi: 10.1580/06-WEME-BR-067.1. PMID: 18333654.
Kar S, Dervis E, Akın A, Ergonul O, Gargili A. Preferences of different tick species for human hosts in Turkey. Exp Appl Acarol. 2013 Nov;61(3):349-55. doi: 10.1007/s10493-013-9698-2. Epub 2013 Apr 26. PMID: 23620419.
Ergonul O, Celikbas A, Yildirim U, Zenciroglu A, Erdogan D, Ziraman I, Saracoglu F, Demirel N, Cakmak O, Dokuzoguz B. Pregnancy and Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010 Jun;16(6):647-50. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02905.x. Epub 2009 Sep 23. PMID: 19778302.
Erbay A, Cevik MA, Onguru P, Gözel G, Akinci E, Kubar A, Bodur H. Breastfeeding in Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever. Scand J Infect Dis. 2008;40(2):186-8. doi: 10.1080/00365540701649554. PMID: 17934982.
Ergonul O, Battal I. Potential sexual transmission of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever infection. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2014;67(2):137-8. doi: 10.7883/yoken.67.137. PMID: 24647261.
Pshenichnaya NY, Sydenko IS, Klinovaya EP, Romanova EB, Zhuravlev AS. Possible sexual transmission of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Int J Infect Dis. 2016 Apr;45:109-11. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.02.1008. Epub 2016 Mar 10. PMID: 26972040.
Leblebicioglu H. Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever in Eurasia. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2010 Nov;36 Suppl 1:S43-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.06.020. PMID: 20810253.
Volume 27, Number 6—June 2021DispatchSeroepidemiologic Survey of Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus in Logging Communities, Myanmar
Akıncı E, Bodur H, Leblebicioglu H. Pathogenesis of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2013 Jul;13(7):429-37. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2012.1061. Epub 2013 May 10. PMID: 23663164.
Bodur H, Akinci E, Ascioglu S, Öngürü P, Uyar Y. Subclinical infections with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Turkey. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012 Apr;18(4):640-2. doi: 10.3201/eid1804.111374. PMID: 22469474; PMCID: PMC3309668.
Vorou R, Pierroutsakos IN, Maltezou HC. Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2007 Oct;20(5):495-500. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e3282a56a0a. PMID: 17762783.
Nabeth P, Thior M, Faye O, Simon F. Human Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, Sénégal. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004 Oct;10(10):1881-2. doi: 10.3201/eid1010.040586. PMID: 15565746; PMCID: PMC3323271.
laldi N, Bodur H, Ascioglu S, Celikbas A, Ozkurt Z, Vahaboglu H, Leblebicioglu H, Yilmaz N, Engin A, Sencan M, Aydin K, Dokmetas I, Cevik MA, Dokuzoguz B, Tasyaran MA, Ozturk R, Bakir M, Uzun R. Efficacy of oral ribavirin treatment in Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever: a quasi-experimental study from Turkey. J Infect. 2009 Mar;58(3):238-44. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2009.01.014. Epub 2009 Feb 26. PMID: 19246100.
Swanepoel R, Shepherd AJ, Leman PA, Shepherd SP, McGillivray GM, Erasmus MJ, Searle LA, Gill DE. Epidemiologic and clinical features of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in southern Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1987 Jan;36(1):120-32. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1987.36.120. PMID: 3101525.
Dogan OT, Engin A, Salk I, Epozturk K, Eren SH, Elaldi N, Bakir M, Dokmetas I, Akkurt I. Evaluation of respiratory findings in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2011 Sep;42(5):1100-5. PMID: 22299435.
Engin A, Erdogan H, Ozec AV, Elaldi N, Toker MI, Bakir M, Dokmetas I, Arici MK. Ocular findings in patients with Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009 Apr;147(4):634-638.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2008.11.014. Epub 2009 Feb 5. PMID: 19195635.
Yapar M, Aydogan H, Pahsa A, Besirbellioglu BA, Bodur H, Basustaoglu AC, Guney C, Avci IY, Sener K, Setteh MH, Kubar A. Rapid and quantitative detection of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus by one-step real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2005 Dec;58(6):358-62. PMID: 16377867.
Duh D, Saksida A, Petrovec M, Dedushaj I, Avsic-Zupanc T. Novel one-step real-time RT-PCR assay for rapid and specific diagnosis of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever encountered in the Balkans. J Virol Methods. 2006 May;133(2):175-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.11.006. Epub 2005 Dec 15. PMID: 16343650.
Atkinson B, Chamberlain J, Logue CH, Cook N, Bruce C, Dowall SD, Hewson R. Development of a real-time RT-PCR assay for the detection of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2012 Sep;12(9):786-93. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2011.0770. Epub 2012 Jan 4. PMID: 22217175.
Uyar Y, Carhan A, Albayrak N, Altaş AB. 2008 yili Kirim-Kongo kanamali ateşi olgularinin laboratuvar tanisinda PCR ve ELISA-IgM sonuçlarinin irdelenmesi [Evaluation of PCR and ELISA-IgM results in the laboratory diagnosis of Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever cases in 2008 in Turkey]. Mikrobiyol Bul. 2010 Jan;44(1):57-64. Turkish. PMID: 20455399.
Koksal I, Yilmaz G, Aksoy F, Aydin H, Yavuz I, Iskender S, Akcay K, Erensoy S, Caylan R, Aydin K. The efficacy of ribavirin in the treatment of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever in Eastern Black Sea region in Turkey. J Clin Virol. 2010 Jan;47(1):65-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2009.11.007. Epub 2009 Dec 3. PMID: 19962342.
Ceylan B, Calıca A, Ak O, Akkoyunlu Y, Turhan V. Ribavirin is not effective against Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever: observations from the Turkish experience. Int J Infect Dis. 2013 Oct;17(10):e799-801. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2013.02.030. Epub 2013 Jun 15. PMID: 23773242; PMCID: PMC7110843.
Mardani M, Jahromi MK, Naieni KH, Zeinali M. The efficacy of oral ribavirin in the treatment of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever in Iran. Clin Infect Dis. 2003 Jun 15;36(12):1613-8. doi: 10.1086/375058. Epub 2003 Jun 4. PMID: 12802764.
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Sayfalar
55-66
Gelecek
29 Nisan 2024
Telif Hakkı (c) 2024 Akademisyen Yayınevi Kitap Portalı
Lisans
LisansNasıl Atıf Yapılır
1.
Yıldız Ergin M. Kırım Kongo Kanamalı Ateşi. Içinde: Dal T, editör. Mikrobiyolojide Güncel Konular V (Bahar) [Internet]. Türkiye: Akademisyen Yayınevi Kitap DOI Portalı; 2024 [a.yer 13 Temmuz 2026]. ss. 55-66. Erişim adresi: https://www.omp35.books.akademisyen.net/index.php/akya/catalog/book/3058/chapter/13580
