Endodontik Postoperatif Ağrı Yönetiminde Sistemik Kortikosteroidlerin Kullanımı
Özet
Postoperatif ağrı, periradiküler dokuların mikrobiyal irritasyonu ile ilgili iltihabi bir cevap olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Endodontik tedaviden birkaç saat veya gün sonrasında %3-57 oranında görülen bir komplikasyon olup hastaların tedavi sürecini ve hekime olan güvenini, operasyon sonrası konforu büyük ölçüde etkilemektedir. Tedavisinde sistemik veya kanal içi non-steroid/steroidal antienflamatuar ilaçlar, lazer/fotobiyomodülasyon tedavisi, uygun teknik/alet/materyal seçimi, oklüzal redüksiyon gibi bir dizi farmakolojik veya farmakolojik olmayan stratejinin klinisyenler tarafından kullanılması önerilmiştir. Kortikosteroidler, güçlü antienflamatuar özellikleri nedeniyle postoperatif ağrı yönetiminde tercih edilen ilaçlardan olmuştur. Kortikosteroidlerin doku hasarı bölgesindeki ağrıyı önleme potansiyeli, inflamatuar mediyatörlerin salınımının baskılanmasıyla sağlanmaktadır.
Postoperative pain is defined as an inflammatory response related to microbial irritation of periradicular tissues. It is a complication seen at a rate of 3-57% a few hours or days after endodontic treatment, and it greatly affects the treatment process of patients, their trust in the physician, and post-operative comfort. A number of pharmacological or non-pharmacological strategies have been recommended to be used by clinicians in its treatment, such as systemic or intracanal non-steroidal/steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, laser/photobiomodulation therapy, appropriate technique/tool/material selection, and occlusal reduction. Corticosteroids have become the preferred drugs in postoperative pain management due to their strong anti-inflammatory effects. The potential of corticosteroids to prevent pain at the site of tissue damage is achieved by suppressing the release of inflammatory mediators.
Referanslar
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Renton T. Dental (Odontogenic) Pain. Rev Pain. 2011;5(1):2-7.
Shepherd MA, Nadanovsky P, Sheiham A. The prevalence and impact of dental pain in 8-year-old school children in Harrow, England. Br Dent J. 1999;187(1):38-41.
Hasler J, Mitchell D. Analysis of 1628 cases of odontalgia: A corroborative study. J Indianapolis Dent Soc. 1963;17:23-5.
Colombo M, Bassi C, Beltrami R, Vigorelli P, Spinelli A, Cavada A, et al. Radiographic technical quality of root canal treatment performed by a new rotary single-file system. Ann Stomatol (Roma). 2017;8(1):18-22.
Mohammadi Z. Systemic, prophylactic and local applications of antimicrobials in endodontics: an update review. Int Dent J. 2009;59(4):175-86.
Becker DE. Pain management: Part 1: Managing acute and postoperative dental pain. Anesth Prog. 2010;57(2):67-78; quiz 9-80.
Santini M, Da Rosa RA, Ferreira MB, Barletta F, Longo do Nascimento A, Weissheimer T, et al. Medications Used for Prevention and Treatment of Postoperative Endodontic Pain: A Systematic Review. Eur Endod J. 2021;6(1):15-24.
Aslan T, Dönmez Özkan H. The effect of two calcium silicate-based and one epoxy resin-based root canal sealer on postoperative pain: a randomized controlled trial. Int Endod J. 2021;54(2):190-7.
Iqbal A. The Factors Responsible for Endodontic Treatment Failure in the Permanent Dentitions of the Patients Reported to the College of Dentistry, the University of Aljouf, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(5):Zc146-8.
Iranmanesh F, Parirokh M, Haghdoost AA, Abbott PV. Effect of Corticosteroids on Pain Relief Following Root Canal Treatment: A Systematic Review. Iran Endod J. 2017;12(2):123-30.
Gençoğlu N. Endodontide Postoperatif Ağrı. Turkiye Klinikleri. 2023;1:19-28.
Alves Vde O. Endodontic flare-ups: a prospective study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2010;110(5):e68-72.
Farzaneh S, Parirokh M, Nakhaee N, Abbott PV. Effect of two different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite on postoperative pain following single-visit root canal treatment: a triple-blind randomized clinical trial. Int Endod J. 2018;51 Suppl 1:e2-e11.
Samir Abouelenien S, Mohamed Ibrahim S, Gameel Shaker O, Mohamed Ahmed G. Evaluation of postoperative pain in infected root canals after using double antibiotic paste versus calcium hydroxide as intra-canal medication: A randomized controlled trial. F1000Res. 2018;7:1768.
Torabinejad M, Kettering JD, McGraw JC, Cummings RR, Dwyer TG, Tobias TS. Factors associated with endodontic interappointment emergencies of teeth with necrotic pulps. J Endod. 1988;14(5):261-6.
Marshall JG, Liesinger AW. Factors associated with endodontic posttreatment pain. J Endod. 1993;19(11):573-5.
Shamszadeh S, Shirvani A, Eghbal MJ, Asgary S. Efficacy of Corticosteroids on Postoperative Endodontic Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Endod. 2018;44(7):1057-65.
Shirvani A, Shamszadeh S, Eghbal MJ, Asgary S. The efficacy of non-narcotic analgesics on post-operative endodontic pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis: The efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and/or paracetamol on post-operative endodontic pain. J Oral Rehabil. 2017;44(9):709-21.
Erdem Hepsenoglu Y, Eyuboglu TF, Özcan M. Postoperative Pain Intensity after Single- versus Two-visit Nonsurgical Endodontic Retreatment: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Endod. 2018;44(9):1339-46.
Garcia-Font M, Durán-Sindreu F, Morelló S, Irazusta S, Abella F, Roig M, et al. Postoperative pain after removal of gutta-percha from root canals in endodontic retreatment using rotary or reciprocating instruments: a prospective clinical study. Clin Oral Investig. 2018;22(7):2623-31.
Parirokh M, Rekabi AR, Ashouri R, Nakhaee N, Abbott PV, Gorjestani H. Effect of occlusal reduction on postoperative pain in teeth with irreversible pulpitis and mild tenderness to percussion. J Endod. 2013;39(1):1-5.
Sethi P, Agarwal M, Chourasia HR, Singh MP. Effect of single dose pretreatment analgesia with three different analgesics on postoperative endodontic pain: A randomized clinical trial. J Conserv Dent. 2014;17(6):517-21.
Gopikrishna V, Parameswaran A. Effectiveness of prophylactic use of rofecoxib in comparison with ibuprofen on postendodontic pain. J Endod. 2003;29(1):62-4.
Jalalzadeh SM, Mamavi A, Shahriari S, Santos FA, Pochapski MT. Effect of pretreatment prednisolone on postendodontic pain: a double-blind parallel-randomized clinical trial. J Endod. 2010;36(6):978-81.
Pochapski MT, Santos FA, de Andrade ED, Sydney GB. Effect of pretreatment dexamethasone on postendodontic pain. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009;108(5):790-5.
Al-Kahtani A. Effect of long acting local anesthetic on postoperative pain in teeth with irreversible pulpitis: Randomized clinical trial. Saudi Pharm J. 2014;22(1):39-42.
Parirokh M, Yosefi MH, Nakhaee N, Manochehrifar H, Abbott PV, Reza Forghani F. Effect of bupivacaine on postoperative pain for inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia after single-visit root canal treatment in teeth with irreversible pulpitis. J Endod. 2012;38(8):1035-9.
Keiser K. Strategies for managing the endodontic pain patient. Tex Dent J. 2003;120(3):250-7.
Al-Nahlawi T, Hatab TA, Alrazak MA, Al-Abdullah A. Effect of Intracanal Cryotherapy and Negative Irrigation Technique on Postendodontic Pain. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2016;17(12):990-6.
Keskin C, Özdemir Ö, Uzun İ, Güler B. Effect of intracanal cryotherapy on pain after single-visit root canal treatment. Aust Endod J. 2017;43(2):83-8.
Smith EA, Marshall JG, Selph SS, Barker DR, Sedgley CM. Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs for Managing Postoperative Endodontic Pain in Patients Who Present with Preoperative Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Journal of Endodontics. 2017;43(1):7-15.
Suneelkumar C, Subha A, Gogala D. Effect of Preoperative Corticosteroids in Patients with Symptomatic Pulpitis on Postoperative Pain after Single-visit Root Canal Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Journal of Endodontics. 2018;44(9):1347-54.
Smith EA, Marshall JG, Selph SS, Barker DR, Sedgley CM. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for managing postoperative endodontic pain in patients who present with preoperative pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of endodontics. 2017;43(1):7-15.
Schimmer B, Funder J. Goodman & Gilman’s: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 12e. 2015.
Marshall JG. Consideration of steroids for endodontic pain. Endodontic Topics. 2002;3(1):41-51.
Barnes PJ. Anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids: molecular mechanisms. Clin Sci (Lond). 1998;94(6):557-72.
Nagendrababu V, Pulikkotil SJ, Suresh A, Veettil SK, Bhatia S, Setzer FC. Efficacy of local anaesthetic solutions on the success of inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with irreversible pulpitis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Int Endod J. 2019;52(6):779-89.
Nagendrababu V, Pulikkotil SJ, Jinatongthai P, Veettil SK, Teerawattanapong N, Gutmann JL. Efficacy and Safety of Oral Premedication on Pain after Nonsurgical Root Canal Treatment: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Endod. 2019;45(4):364-71.
Stewart GG. The antihistamines and corticosteroids in the reduction of postoperative sequelae following endodontic surgery. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1956;9(2):216-20.
Stewart G. Combined use of an antibiotic and a corticosteroid for postoperative sequelae in endodontic practice. J Dent Med. 1962;17:142-6.
Rogers MJ, Johnson BR, Remeikis NA, BeGole EA. Comparison of effect of intracanal use of ketorolac tromethamine and dexamethasone with oral ibuprofen on post treatment endodontic pain. J Endod. 1999;25(5):381-4.
Fry AE, Watkins RF, Phatak NM. Topical use of corticosteroids for the relief of pain sensitivity of dentine and pulp. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1960;13:594-7.
Wolfsohn BL. The role of hydrocortisone in the control of apical periodontitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1954;7(3):314-21.
Blitzer M. Root canal therapy: use of a combination of antibacterial agents, hydrocortisone and hyaluronidase. NY State Dent J. 1956;22:503-8.
Ehrmann E. The effect of triamcinolone with tetracycline on the dental pulp and apical periodontium. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 1965;15(1):144-52.
Langeland K, Langeland LK, Anderson DM. Corticosteroids in dentistry. Int Dent J. 1977;27(3):217-51.
Marshall JG, Walton RE. The effect of intramuscular injection of steroid on posttreatment endodontic pain. J Endod. 1984;10(12):584-8.
Liesinger A, Marshall FJ, Marshall JG. Effect of variable doses of dexamethasone on posttreatment endodontic pain. J Endod. 1993;19(1):35-9.
Torabinejad M, Cymerman JJ, Frankson M, Lemon RR, Maggio JD, Schilder H. Effectiveness of various medications on postoperative pain following complete instrumentation. J Endod. 1994;20(7):345-54.
Bramy EM. The intraosseous injection of Depo-medrol on postoperative endodontic pain in symptomatic, necrotic teeth: Ohio State University; 1998.
Kaufman E, Heling I, Rotstein I, Friedman S, Sion A, Moz C, et al. Intraligamentary injection of slow-release methylprednisolone for the prevention of pain after endodontic treatment. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1994;77(6):651-4.
Zanjir M, Lighvan NL, Yarascavitch C, Beyene J, Shah PS, Azarpazhooh A. Efficacy and Safety of Pulpal Anesthesia Strategies during Endodontic Treatment of Permanent Mandibular Molars with Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. J Endod. 2019;45(12):1435-64.e10.
Zuckerman O, Metzger Z, Sela G, Lin S. ["Flare-up" during endodontic treatment--etiology and management]. Refuat Hapeh Vehashinayim (1993). 2007;24(2):19-26, 69.
Troullos ES, Hargreaves KM, Butler DP, Dionne RA. Comparison of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ibuprofen and flurbiprofen, with methylprednisolone and placebo for acute pain, swelling, and trismus. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1990;48(9):945-52.
Pedersen A. Decadronphosphate in the relief of complaints after third molar surgery. A double-blind, controlled trial with bilateral oral surgery. Int J Oral Surg. 1985;14(3):235-40.
Sisk AL, Bonnington GJ. Evaluation of methylprednisolone and flurbiprofen for inhibition of the postoperative inflammatory response. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1985;60(2):137-45.
Skjelbred P, Løkken P. Post-operative pain and inflammatory reaction reduced by injection of a corticosteroid. A controlled trial in bilateral oral surgery. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1982;21(5):391-6.
Suneelkumar C, Subha A, Gogala D. Effect of Preoperative Corticosteroids in Patients with Symptomatic Pulpitis on Postoperative Pain after Single-visit Root Canal Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Endod. 2018;44(9):1347-54.
Ehrmann EH, Messer HH, Adams GG. The relationship of intracanal medicaments to postoperative pain in endodontics. Int Endod J. 2003;36(12):868-75.
Genet JM, Wesselink PR, Thoden van Velzen SK. The incidence of preoperative and postoperative pain in endodontic therapy. Int Endod J. 1986;19(5):221-9.
Shamszadeh S, Shirvani A, Asgary S. Does occlusal reduction reduce post-endodontic pain? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Oral Rehabil. 2020;47(4):528-35.
Mohammadi Z. Systemic and local applications of steroids in endodontics: an update review. International dental journal. 2009;59(5):297-304.
Melby JC. Drug spotlight program: systemic corticosteroid therapy: pharmacology and endocrinologic considerations. Ann Intern Med. 1974;81(4):505-12.
Fletcher MC, Spera JF. Management of acute postoperative pain after oral surgery. Dent Clin North Am. 2012;56(1):95-111, viii.
Nath R, Daneshmand A, Sizemore D, Guo J, Enciso R. Efficacy of corticosteroids for postoperative endodontic pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent Anesth Pain Med. 2018;18(4):205-21.
Jose J, Teja KV, Palanivelu A, Khandelwal A, Siddique R. Analgesic efficacy of corticosteroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs through oral route in the reduction of postendodontic pain: A systematic review. J Conserv Dent. 2022;25(1):9-19.
Lalfakawmi S, Gupta A, Bukhari S, Abraham D, Singh A, Mrinalini. Efficacy of corticosteroids on postoperative pain levels after nonsurgical endodontic treatment: An overview of systematic reviews. Saudi Endodontic Journal. 2023;13(3).
Walton R, Fouad A. Endodontic interappointment flare-ups: a prospective study of incidence and related factors. J Endod. 1992;18(4):172-7.
Walton RE. Interappointment flare‐ups: incidence, related factors, prevention, and management. Endodontic Topics. 2002;3(1):67-76.
van Wijk AJ, Hoogstraten J. Reducing fear of pain associated with endodontic therapy. Int Endod J. 2006;39(5):384-8.
van Wijk AJ, Duyx MP, Hoogstraten J. The effect of written information on pain experience during periodontal probing. J Clin Periodontol. 2004;31(4):282-5.
Lalfakawmi S, Gupta A, Bukhari S, Abraham D, Singh A, Mrinalini. Efficacy of corticosteroids on postoperative pain levels after nonsurgical endodontic treatment: An overview of systematic reviews. Saudi Endodontic Journal. 2023;13(3):217-24.
Renton T. Dental (Odontogenic) Pain. Rev Pain. 2011;5(1):2-7.
Shepherd MA, Nadanovsky P, Sheiham A. The prevalence and impact of dental pain in 8-year-old school children in Harrow, England. Br Dent J. 1999;187(1):38-41.
Hasler J, Mitchell D. Analysis of 1628 cases of odontalgia: A corroborative study. J Indianapolis Dent Soc. 1963;17:23-5.
Colombo M, Bassi C, Beltrami R, Vigorelli P, Spinelli A, Cavada A, et al. Radiographic technical quality of root canal treatment performed by a new rotary single-file system. Ann Stomatol (Roma). 2017;8(1):18-22.
Mohammadi Z. Systemic, prophylactic and local applications of antimicrobials in endodontics: an update review. Int Dent J. 2009;59(4):175-86.
Becker DE. Pain management: Part 1: Managing acute and postoperative dental pain. Anesth Prog. 2010;57(2):67-78; quiz 9-80.
Santini M, Da Rosa RA, Ferreira MB, Barletta F, Longo do Nascimento A, Weissheimer T, et al. Medications Used for Prevention and Treatment of Postoperative Endodontic Pain: A Systematic Review. Eur Endod J. 2021;6(1):15-24.
Aslan T, Dönmez Özkan H. The effect of two calcium silicate-based and one epoxy resin-based root canal sealer on postoperative pain: a randomized controlled trial. Int Endod J. 2021;54(2):190-7.
Iqbal A. The Factors Responsible for Endodontic Treatment Failure in the Permanent Dentitions of the Patients Reported to the College of Dentistry, the University of Aljouf, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(5):Zc146-8.
Iranmanesh F, Parirokh M, Haghdoost AA, Abbott PV. Effect of Corticosteroids on Pain Relief Following Root Canal Treatment: A Systematic Review. Iran Endod J. 2017;12(2):123-30.
Gençoğlu N. Endodontide Postoperatif Ağrı. Turkiye Klinikleri. 2023;1:19-28.
Alves Vde O. Endodontic flare-ups: a prospective study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2010;110(5):e68-72.
Farzaneh S, Parirokh M, Nakhaee N, Abbott PV. Effect of two different concentrations of sodium hypochlorite on postoperative pain following single-visit root canal treatment: a triple-blind randomized clinical trial. Int Endod J. 2018;51 Suppl 1:e2-e11.
Samir Abouelenien S, Mohamed Ibrahim S, Gameel Shaker O, Mohamed Ahmed G. Evaluation of postoperative pain in infected root canals after using double antibiotic paste versus calcium hydroxide as intra-canal medication: A randomized controlled trial. F1000Res. 2018;7:1768.
Torabinejad M, Kettering JD, McGraw JC, Cummings RR, Dwyer TG, Tobias TS. Factors associated with endodontic interappointment emergencies of teeth with necrotic pulps. J Endod. 1988;14(5):261-6.
Marshall JG, Liesinger AW. Factors associated with endodontic posttreatment pain. J Endod. 1993;19(11):573-5.
Shamszadeh S, Shirvani A, Eghbal MJ, Asgary S. Efficacy of Corticosteroids on Postoperative Endodontic Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Endod. 2018;44(7):1057-65.
Shirvani A, Shamszadeh S, Eghbal MJ, Asgary S. The efficacy of non-narcotic analgesics on post-operative endodontic pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis: The efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and/or paracetamol on post-operative endodontic pain. J Oral Rehabil. 2017;44(9):709-21.
Erdem Hepsenoglu Y, Eyuboglu TF, Özcan M. Postoperative Pain Intensity after Single- versus Two-visit Nonsurgical Endodontic Retreatment: A Randomized Clinical Trial. J Endod. 2018;44(9):1339-46.
Garcia-Font M, Durán-Sindreu F, Morelló S, Irazusta S, Abella F, Roig M, et al. Postoperative pain after removal of gutta-percha from root canals in endodontic retreatment using rotary or reciprocating instruments: a prospective clinical study. Clin Oral Investig. 2018;22(7):2623-31.
Parirokh M, Rekabi AR, Ashouri R, Nakhaee N, Abbott PV, Gorjestani H. Effect of occlusal reduction on postoperative pain in teeth with irreversible pulpitis and mild tenderness to percussion. J Endod. 2013;39(1):1-5.
Sethi P, Agarwal M, Chourasia HR, Singh MP. Effect of single dose pretreatment analgesia with three different analgesics on postoperative endodontic pain: A randomized clinical trial. J Conserv Dent. 2014;17(6):517-21.
Gopikrishna V, Parameswaran A. Effectiveness of prophylactic use of rofecoxib in comparison with ibuprofen on postendodontic pain. J Endod. 2003;29(1):62-4.
Jalalzadeh SM, Mamavi A, Shahriari S, Santos FA, Pochapski MT. Effect of pretreatment prednisolone on postendodontic pain: a double-blind parallel-randomized clinical trial. J Endod. 2010;36(6):978-81.
Pochapski MT, Santos FA, de Andrade ED, Sydney GB. Effect of pretreatment dexamethasone on postendodontic pain. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2009;108(5):790-5.
Al-Kahtani A. Effect of long acting local anesthetic on postoperative pain in teeth with irreversible pulpitis: Randomized clinical trial. Saudi Pharm J. 2014;22(1):39-42.
Parirokh M, Yosefi MH, Nakhaee N, Manochehrifar H, Abbott PV, Reza Forghani F. Effect of bupivacaine on postoperative pain for inferior alveolar nerve block anesthesia after single-visit root canal treatment in teeth with irreversible pulpitis. J Endod. 2012;38(8):1035-9.
Keiser K. Strategies for managing the endodontic pain patient. Tex Dent J. 2003;120(3):250-7.
Al-Nahlawi T, Hatab TA, Alrazak MA, Al-Abdullah A. Effect of Intracanal Cryotherapy and Negative Irrigation Technique on Postendodontic Pain. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2016;17(12):990-6.
Keskin C, Özdemir Ö, Uzun İ, Güler B. Effect of intracanal cryotherapy on pain after single-visit root canal treatment. Aust Endod J. 2017;43(2):83-8.
Smith EA, Marshall JG, Selph SS, Barker DR, Sedgley CM. Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs for Managing Postoperative Endodontic Pain in Patients Who Present with Preoperative Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Journal of Endodontics. 2017;43(1):7-15.
Suneelkumar C, Subha A, Gogala D. Effect of Preoperative Corticosteroids in Patients with Symptomatic Pulpitis on Postoperative Pain after Single-visit Root Canal Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Journal of Endodontics. 2018;44(9):1347-54.
Smith EA, Marshall JG, Selph SS, Barker DR, Sedgley CM. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for managing postoperative endodontic pain in patients who present with preoperative pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of endodontics. 2017;43(1):7-15.
Schimmer B, Funder J. Goodman & Gilman’s: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 12e. 2015.
Marshall JG. Consideration of steroids for endodontic pain. Endodontic Topics. 2002;3(1):41-51.
Barnes PJ. Anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids: molecular mechanisms. Clin Sci (Lond). 1998;94(6):557-72.
Nagendrababu V, Pulikkotil SJ, Suresh A, Veettil SK, Bhatia S, Setzer FC. Efficacy of local anaesthetic solutions on the success of inferior alveolar nerve block in patients with irreversible pulpitis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Int Endod J. 2019;52(6):779-89.
Nagendrababu V, Pulikkotil SJ, Jinatongthai P, Veettil SK, Teerawattanapong N, Gutmann JL. Efficacy and Safety of Oral Premedication on Pain after Nonsurgical Root Canal Treatment: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Endod. 2019;45(4):364-71.
Stewart GG. The antihistamines and corticosteroids in the reduction of postoperative sequelae following endodontic surgery. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1956;9(2):216-20.
Stewart G. Combined use of an antibiotic and a corticosteroid for postoperative sequelae in endodontic practice. J Dent Med. 1962;17:142-6.
Rogers MJ, Johnson BR, Remeikis NA, BeGole EA. Comparison of effect of intracanal use of ketorolac tromethamine and dexamethasone with oral ibuprofen on post treatment endodontic pain. J Endod. 1999;25(5):381-4.
Fry AE, Watkins RF, Phatak NM. Topical use of corticosteroids for the relief of pain sensitivity of dentine and pulp. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1960;13:594-7.
Wolfsohn BL. The role of hydrocortisone in the control of apical periodontitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1954;7(3):314-21.
Blitzer M. Root canal therapy: use of a combination of antibacterial agents, hydrocortisone and hyaluronidase. NY State Dent J. 1956;22:503-8.
Ehrmann E. The effect of triamcinolone with tetracycline on the dental pulp and apical periodontium. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. 1965;15(1):144-52.
Langeland K, Langeland LK, Anderson DM. Corticosteroids in dentistry. Int Dent J. 1977;27(3):217-51.
Marshall JG, Walton RE. The effect of intramuscular injection of steroid on posttreatment endodontic pain. J Endod. 1984;10(12):584-8.
Liesinger A, Marshall FJ, Marshall JG. Effect of variable doses of dexamethasone on posttreatment endodontic pain. J Endod. 1993;19(1):35-9.
Torabinejad M, Cymerman JJ, Frankson M, Lemon RR, Maggio JD, Schilder H. Effectiveness of various medications on postoperative pain following complete instrumentation. J Endod. 1994;20(7):345-54.
Bramy EM. The intraosseous injection of Depo-medrol on postoperative endodontic pain in symptomatic, necrotic teeth: Ohio State University; 1998.
Kaufman E, Heling I, Rotstein I, Friedman S, Sion A, Moz C, et al. Intraligamentary injection of slow-release methylprednisolone for the prevention of pain after endodontic treatment. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1994;77(6):651-4.
Zanjir M, Lighvan NL, Yarascavitch C, Beyene J, Shah PS, Azarpazhooh A. Efficacy and Safety of Pulpal Anesthesia Strategies during Endodontic Treatment of Permanent Mandibular Molars with Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. J Endod. 2019;45(12):1435-64.e10.
Zuckerman O, Metzger Z, Sela G, Lin S. ["Flare-up" during endodontic treatment--etiology and management]. Refuat Hapeh Vehashinayim (1993). 2007;24(2):19-26, 69.
Troullos ES, Hargreaves KM, Butler DP, Dionne RA. Comparison of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ibuprofen and flurbiprofen, with methylprednisolone and placebo for acute pain, swelling, and trismus. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1990;48(9):945-52.
Pedersen A. Decadronphosphate in the relief of complaints after third molar surgery. A double-blind, controlled trial with bilateral oral surgery. Int J Oral Surg. 1985;14(3):235-40.
Sisk AL, Bonnington GJ. Evaluation of methylprednisolone and flurbiprofen for inhibition of the postoperative inflammatory response. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1985;60(2):137-45.
Skjelbred P, Løkken P. Post-operative pain and inflammatory reaction reduced by injection of a corticosteroid. A controlled trial in bilateral oral surgery. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1982;21(5):391-6.
Suneelkumar C, Subha A, Gogala D. Effect of Preoperative Corticosteroids in Patients with Symptomatic Pulpitis on Postoperative Pain after Single-visit Root Canal Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Endod. 2018;44(9):1347-54.
Ehrmann EH, Messer HH, Adams GG. The relationship of intracanal medicaments to postoperative pain in endodontics. Int Endod J. 2003;36(12):868-75.
Genet JM, Wesselink PR, Thoden van Velzen SK. The incidence of preoperative and postoperative pain in endodontic therapy. Int Endod J. 1986;19(5):221-9.
Shamszadeh S, Shirvani A, Asgary S. Does occlusal reduction reduce post-endodontic pain? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Oral Rehabil. 2020;47(4):528-35.
Mohammadi Z. Systemic and local applications of steroids in endodontics: an update review. International dental journal. 2009;59(5):297-304.
Melby JC. Drug spotlight program: systemic corticosteroid therapy: pharmacology and endocrinologic considerations. Ann Intern Med. 1974;81(4):505-12.
Fletcher MC, Spera JF. Management of acute postoperative pain after oral surgery. Dent Clin North Am. 2012;56(1):95-111, viii.
Nath R, Daneshmand A, Sizemore D, Guo J, Enciso R. Efficacy of corticosteroids for postoperative endodontic pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent Anesth Pain Med. 2018;18(4):205-21.
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Sayfalar
41-52
Gelecek
16 Nisan 2024
Telif Hakkı (c) 2024 Akademisyen Yayınevi Kitap Portalı
Lisans
LisansNasıl Atıf Yapılır
1.
Başar Ö, Şanal Çıkman A. Endodontik Postoperatif Ağrı Yönetiminde Sistemik Kortikosteroidlerin Kullanımı. Içinde: Yoldaş O, editör. Güncel Endodonti Çalışmaları V (Bahar) [Internet]. Türkiye: Akademisyen Yayınevi Kitap DOI Portalı; 2024 [a.yer 13 Temmuz 2026]. ss. 41-52. Erişim adresi: https://www.omp35.books.akademisyen.net/index.php/akya/catalog/book/3063/chapter/13413
