Therapeutic Use of Cannabinoids: Clinical Overview and Recent Updates
Özet
Cannabinoids, regardless of their structure or origin, refer to chemical substances that act on cannabinoid receptors and produce pharmacological effects similar to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), the main psychoactive ingredient of the Cannabis sativa plant. Cannabinoids, which act on the endocannabinoid system, are thought to have a potential therapeutic value in a variety of diseases and conditions due to their involvement in vital processes such as appetite, nausea, vomiting, pain sensitivity, mood and memory. To date, cannabinoids have been approved for certain indications by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA): refractory epilepsy (Lennox–Gastaut syndrome, Dravet syndrome, and tuberous sclerosis complex), spasticity and neuropathic pain in multiple sclerosis (MS), Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrom (AIDS)-related cachexia, and chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. According to pre-clinical studies, cannabinoids are also promising for a wide range of indications such as fibromyalgia, post-traumatic stress disorder, insomnia, anxiety, cancer, and cancer-related pain. Cannabinoids are being explored as an anticancer agent in different types of cancer due to increasing evidence for their antiproliferative and antitumor effects. Scientific research that will reveal the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids, cannabinoid type/ratio, and efficacious dosage forms on an evidence-based approach are needed for non-approved indications including cancer. Foremost, the elimination of legal barriers in front of scientific research on cannabinoids will ease towards this goal. In this chapter, it is aimed to summarize the therapeutic use of cannabinoids, prospects for novel indications, and ongoing clinical trials to provide a comprehensive overview on the current state of knowledge.
Referanslar
Fraguas-Sanchez, A.I. and A.I. Torres-Suarez. Medical Use of Cannabinoids. Drugs. 2018;78(16): 1665-1703. doi: 10.1007/s40265-018-0996-1
Fraguas-Sanchez, A.I., A. Fernandez-Carballido, and A.I. Torres-Suarez. Phyto-, endo- and synthetic cannabinoids: promising chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of breast and prostate carcinomas. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 2016;25(11): 1311-1323. doi: 10.1080/13543784.2016.1236913
Morales, P., D.P. Hurst, and P.H. Reggio. Molecular Targets of the Phytocannabinoids: A Complex Picture. Prog Chem Org Nat Prod. 2017;103: 103-131. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-45541-9_4
Castaneto, M.S., D.A. Gorelick, N.A. Desrosiers, et al. Synthetic cannabinoids: epidemiology, pharmacodynamics, and clinical implications. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014;144: 12-41. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.08.005
Lu, H.-C. and K. Mackie. Review of the Endocannabinoid System. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging. 2021;6(6): 607-615. doi: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.07.016
Lowe, H., N. Toyang, B. Steele, et al. The Endocannabinoid System: A Potential Target for the Treatment of Various Diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(17). doi: 10.3390/ijms22179472
Grotenhermen, F. and K. Muller-Vahl. The Therapeutic Potential of Cannabis and Cannabinoids. Deutsches Arzteblatt International. 2012;109(29-30): 495-U39. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2012.0495
The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). Medical Use of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Questions and answers for policymaking. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union Available from: https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/10171/20185584_TD0618186ENN_PDF.pdf (Accessed 24th April 2022).
Rehm, J. and B. Fischer. Cannabis Legalization With Strict Regulation, the Overall Superior Policy Option for Public Health. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2015;97(6): 541-544. doi: 10.1002/cpt.93
Abuhasira, R., L. Shbiro, and Y. Landschaft. Medical use of cannabis and cannabinoids containing products - Regulations in Europe and North America. European Journal of Internal Medicine. 2018;49: 2-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2018.01.001
Lucas, C.J., P. Galettis, and J. Schneider. The pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;84(11): 2477-2482. doi: 10.1111/bcp.13710
Tijani, A.O., D. Thakur, D. Mishra, et al. Delivering therapeutic cannabinoids via skin: Current state and future perspectives. J Control Release. 2021;334: 427-451. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.05.005
Rice, J. and M. Cameron. Cannabinoids for Treatment of MS Symptoms: State of the Evidence. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2018;18(8): 50. doi: 10.1007/s11910-018-0859-x
Bedrocan products. Available from: https://bedrocan.com/products-services/ (Accessed 6th October 2023).
Russo, E.B. Clinical Endocannabinoid Deficiency Reconsidered: Current Research Supports the Theory in Migraine, Fibromyalgia, Irritable Bowel, and Other Treatment-Resistant Syndromes. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research. 2016;1(1): 154-165. doi: 10.1089/can.2016.0009
Giacoppo, S., G. Mandolino, M. Galuppo, et al. Cannabinoids: New Promising Agents in the Treatment of Neurological Diseases. Molecules. 2014;19(11): 18781-18816. doi: 10.3390/molecules191118781
Abu-Sawwa, R., B. Scutt, and Y. Park. Emerging Use of Epidiolex (Cannabidiol) in Epilepsy. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2020;25(6): 485-499. doi: 10.5863/1551-6776-25.6.485
The U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA). FDA regulation of cannabis and cannabis-derived products, including cannabidiol (CBD). Available from: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/public-health-focus/fda-regulation-cannabis-and-cannabis-derived-products-including-cannabidiol-cbd#childeats (Accessed 12th November 2023).
Cristino, L., T. Bisogno, and V. Di Marzo. Cannabinoids and the expanded endocannabinoid system in neurological disorders. Nat Rev Neurol. 2020;16(1): 9-29. doi: 10.1038/s41582-019-0284-z
Chayasirisobhon, S. The Role of Cannabidiol in Neurological Disorders. Perm J. 2021;25. doi: 10.7812/tpp/20.156
Liu, S., Z. He, and J. Li. Long-term efficacy and adverse effects of cannabidiol in adjuvant treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2023;16: 17562864231207755. doi: 10.1177/17562864231207755
Hausman-Kedem, M., S. Menascu, and U. Kramer. Efficacy of CBD-enriched medical cannabis for treatment of refractory epilepsy in children and adolescents - An observational, longitudinal study. Brain Dev. 2018;40(7): 544-551. doi: 10.1016/j.braindev.2018.03.013
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Treatment with Cannabis Oil containing CBD only or 20:1 CBD:THC vs. placebo of persons with ADHD. Identifier NCT05219370 Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05219370?term=ADHD&cond=cannabis&draw=2&rank=3 (Accessed 2nd February 2022).
Schwaller, K., Z. Krauss, A.M.H. Chen, et al. Parental Perceptions and Usage of Unlicensed Cannabidiol Products in Children With Anxiety and Neurodevelopmental Disorders. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2023;28(4): 323-328. doi: 10.5863/1551-6776-28.4.323
Montero-Oleas, N., I. Arevalo-Rodriguez, S. Nuñez-González, et al. Therapeutic use of cannabis and cannabinoids: an evidence mapping and appraisal of systematic reviews. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2020;20(1): 12. doi: 10.1186/s12906-019-2803-2
Bega, D., P. Gonzalez-Latapi, C. Zadikoff, et al. A review of the clinical evidence for complementary and alternative therapies in Parkinson's disease. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2014;16(10): 314. doi: 10.1007/s11940-014-0314-5
Koppel, B.S., J.C. Brust, T. Fife, et al. Systematic review: efficacy and safety of medical marijuana in selected neurologic disorders: report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2014;82(17): 1556-63. doi: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000000363
Watt, G. and T. Karl. In vivo Evidence for Therapeutic Properties of Cannabidiol (CBD) for Alzheimer's Disease. Front Pharmacol. 2017;8: 20. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00020
Baul, H.S., C. Manikandan, and D. Sen. Cannabinoid receptor as a potential therapeutic target for Parkinson’s Disease. Brain Research Bulletin. 2019;146: 244-252. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.01.016
Chagas, M.H., A.W. Zuardi, V. Tumas, et al. Effects of cannabidiol in the treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease: an exploratory double-blind trial. J Psychopharmacol. 2014;28(11): 1088-98. doi: 10.1177/0269881114550355
Zuardi, A.W., J.A. Crippa, J.E. Hallak, et al. Cannabidiol for the treatment of psychosis in Parkinson's disease. J Psychopharmacol. 2009;23(8): 979-83. doi: 10.1177/0269881108096519
Singh, K., B. Bhushan, D.K. Chanchal, et al. Emerging Therapeutic Potential of Cannabidiol (CBD) in Neurological Disorders: A Comprehensive Review. Behavioural Neurology. 2023;2023: 8825358. doi: 10.1155/2023/8825358
Fine, P.G. and M.J. Rosenfeld. Cannabinoids for neuropathic pain. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2014;18(10): 451. doi: 10.1007/s11916-014-0451-2
Arthur, P., A.K. Kalvala, S.K. Surapaneni, et al. Applications of Cannabinoids in Neuropathic Pain: An Updated Review. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 2024;41(1): 1-33. doi: 10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2022038592
Mechtler, L.L., F.M. Gengo, and V.H. Bargnes. Cannabis and Migraine: It's Complicated. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2021;25(3): 16. doi: 10.1007/s11916-020-00931-2
Lo Castro, F., C. Baraldi, L. Pellesi, et al. Clinical Evidence of Cannabinoids in Migraine: A Narrative Review. J Clin Med. 2022;11(6). doi: 10.3390/jcm11061479
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Effect of Cannabis and Endocannabinoids on HIV Neuropathic Pain. Identifier NCT03099005. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03099005?term=NCT03099005&draw=2&rank=1.
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Pain, Inflammation, and Cannabis in HIV (PITCH). Identifier NCT04860089. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04860089?term=NCT04860089&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 26th April 2022).
Wallace, M.S., T.D. Marcotte, A. Umlauf, et al. Efficacy of Inhaled Cannabis on Painful Diabetic Neuropathy. J Pain. 2015;16(7): 616-27. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2015.03.008
Xu, D.H., B.D. Cullen, M. Tang, et al. The Effectiveness of Topical Cannabidiol Oil in Symptomatic Relief of Peripheral Neuropathy of the Lower Extremities. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2020;21(5): 390-402. doi:10.2174/1389201020666191202111534
National Library of Medicine (U.S.).Proof of Concept Trial of Cannabis Derivatives in Neuropathic Pain. Identifier NCT05351801. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05351801?cond=Proof+of+Concept+Trial+of+Cannabis+Derivatives+in&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 28th April 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). HEMP: CBD-induced Biomarkers of Inflammation Reduction in People Living With HIV at the Single Cell Level (cannabis). Identifier: NCT05209867. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05209867?term=NCT05209867&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 27th January 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). The Effects of Medical Cannabis in Children With Autistic Spectrum Disorder. Identifier NCT05212493. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05212493?term=NCT05212493&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 28th January 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Cannabidiol (CBD) in Adults With ASD. Identifier NCT05015439. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05015439?term=NCT05015439&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 20th August 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Therapeutic Response of Cannabidiol in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Identifier NCT04911127. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04911127?term=NCT04911127&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 2nd June 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Impact of Cannabis on Pain and Inflammation Among Patients With Rheumatoid or Psoriatic Arthritis. Identifier NCT04269993. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04269993?term=NCT04269993&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 17th February 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Cannabidiol (CBD) in Pain Reduction for Knee Osteoarthritis. Identifier NCT05020028. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05020028?term=NCT05020028&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 25th August 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Efficacy of Inhaled Cannabis for Acute Migraine Treatment. Identifier NCT04360044. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04360044?term=NCT04360044&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 24th April 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Cannabis for the Prophylactic Treatment of Migraine. Identifier NCT03972124. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03972124?term=NCT03972124&draw=2&rank=1.
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Cannabidiol 133mg + Cannabigerol 66mg + Tetrahydrocannabinol 4mg vs Placebo as Adjuvant Treatment in Chronic Migraine - (CAMTREA). Identifier NCT04989413. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04989413?term=NCT04989413&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 4th August 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Is Medicinal Cannabis an Effective Treatment for Tourette Syndrome in Adolescents? A Pilot Study. Identifier NCT05184478. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05184478?term=NCT05184478&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 11st January 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Cannabis For Cancer-Related Symptoms (CAFCARS). Identifier: NCT03948074. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03948074?term=NCT03948074&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 13th May 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Effect of Hemp-CBD on Patients With CIPN (Coala-T-CBD). Identifier NCT04398446. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04398446?term=NCT04398446&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 21st May 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Safety and Efficacy of Inhaled Cannabis For the Uncontrolled Pain Relief in Patients With Advanced Cancer (PLENITUDE). Identifier NCT04042545. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04042545?term=NCT04042545&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 2nd August 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Cannabis Oil for Pain in Parkinson's Disease (MDC-CAN-PD). Identifier: NCT03639064. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03639064?term=NCT03639064&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 20th August 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Feasibility of Cannabidiol for the Treatment of Long COVID. Identifier: NCT04997395. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04997395?term=NCT04997395&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 9th August 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Cannabidiol Treatment for Severe and Critical Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pulmonary Infection. Identifier NCT04731116. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04731116?term=NCT04731116&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 2nd January 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.).Cannabinoids as a Treatment for Insomnia in Major Depression (CANMDD). Identifier NCT05041647. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05041647?term=NCT05041647&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 13th September 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Cannabinol Use in Patients With Insomnia Disorder (CUPID). Identifier NCT05344170. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05344170?term=NCT05344170&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 25th April 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). A Study of Cybis™ 10:25 THC:CBD Oil in Adults With Chronic Back/Neck Pain (CYDEPS). Identifier NCT04976738. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04976738?term=NCT04976738&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 26th July 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Effectiveness of Cannabinoids on Appetite in Scleroderma. Identifier NCT05416697. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05416697?term=NCT05416697&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 13th June 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). A Pilot Trial of Nabilone for the Treatment of Obesity. Identifier NCT04801641. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04801641?term=NCT04801641&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 17th March 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Cannabidiol for the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders: An 8-Week Pilot Study. Identifier NCT03549819. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03549819?term=NCT03549819&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 8th June 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). A Clinical Trial of a Hemp-Derived Cannabidiol Product for Anxiety. Identifier NCT04286594. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04286594?term=NCT04286594&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 27th February 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Cannabidiol for Fibromyalgia (The CANNFIB Trial) (CANNFIB). Identifier NCT04729179. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04729179?term=NCT04729179&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 28th January 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). CBD (Cannabidiol)/THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) Solution as a Pharmacological Strategy for Patients With Fibromyalgia (FibroCann). Identifier NCT05283161. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05283161?term=NCT05283161&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 16th March 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). SCI-110 for Alzheimer's Disease and Agitation. Identifier NCT05239390. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05239390?term=NCT05239390&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 14th February 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Nabilone for Agitation Blinded Intervention Trial (NAB-IT). Identifier: NCT04516057. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04516057?term=NCT04516057&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 17th August 2022).
Grierson, G.A. The hemp plant in Sanskrit and hindi literature. Indian Antiquary. 1894: 260-262.
Gieringer, D. and E. Rosenthal, Marijuana medical handbook: practical guide to therapeutic uses of marijuana. 2008: Quick Trading Company.
Struwe, M., S.H. Kaempfer, C.J. Geiger, et al. Effect of dronabinol on nutritional status in HIV infection. Ann Pharmacother. 1993;27(7-8): 827-31. doi: 10.1177/106002809302700701
Kosiba, J.D., S.A. Maisto, and J.W. Ditre. Patient-reported use of medical cannabis for pain, anxiety, and depression symptoms: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Social Science & Medicine. 2019;233: 181-192. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.06.005
Lintzeris, N., J. Driels, N. Elias, et al. Medicinal cannabis in Australia, 2016: the Cannabis as Medicine Survey (CAMS-16). Medical Journal of Australia. 2018;209(5): 211-216. doi:10.5694/mja17.01247
Bambico, F.R., N. Katz, G. Debonnel, et al. Cannabinoids elicit antidepressant-like behavior and activate serotonergic neurons through the medial prefrontal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience. 2007;27(43): 11700-11711. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1636-07.2007
Jiang, W., Y. Zhang, L. Xiao, et al. Cannabinoids promote embryonic and adult hippocampus neurogenesis and produce anxiolytic-and antidepressant-like effects. The Journal of clinical investigation. 2005;115(11): 3104-3116. doi: 10.1172/JCI25509
Rosário, B.D.A., J.A. Lemes, M.P. de Lima, et al. Subjective, behavioral and neurobiological effects of cannabis and cannabinoids in social anxiety. Rev Neurosci. 2023. doi: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0078
Stanciu, C.N., M.F. Brunette, N. Teja, et al. Evidence for use of cannabinoids in mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and PTSD: a systematic review. Psychiatric Services. 2021;72(4): 429-436. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.202000189
Haycraft, A.L. Cannabis update: Anxiety disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners. 2023;35(5): 276-280. doi: 10.1097/jxx.0000000000000864
McGuire, P., P. Robson, W.J. Cubala, et al. Cannabidiol (CBD) as an Adjunctive Therapy in Schizophrenia: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2018;175(3): 225-231. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17030325
Ahmed, S., R.M. Roth, C.N. Stanciu, et al. The Impact of THC and CBD in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12: 694394. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.694394
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Pilot Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Four Different Potencies of Smoked Marijuana in 76 Veterans With PTSD. Identifier NCT02759185. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02759185?term=NCT02759185&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 3rd May 2022).
Moreno-Sanz, G., A. Madiedo, M. Lynskey, et al. "Flower Power": Controlled Inhalation of THC-Predominant Cannabis Flos Improves Health-Related Quality of Life and Symptoms of Chronic Pain and Anxiety in Eligible UK Patients. Biomedicines. 2022;10(10). doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10102576
Bonn-Miller, M.O., S. Sisley, P. Riggs, et al. The short-term impact of 3 smoked cannabis preparations versus placebo on PTSD symptoms: A randomized cross-over clinical trial. PLoS One. 2021;16(3): e0246990. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246990
Orsolini, L., S. Chiappini, U. Volpe, et al. Use of medicinal cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): a systematic review. Medicina. 2019;55(9): 525. doi: 10.3390/medicina55090525
Sarris, J., J. Sinclair, D. Karamacoska, et al. Medicinal cannabis for psychiatric disorders: a clinically-focused systematic review. BMC Psychiatry. 2020;20(1): 24. doi: 10.1186/s12888-019-2409-8
Narayan, A.J., L.A. Downey, B. Manning, et al. Cannabinoid treatments for anxiety: A systematic review and consideration of the impact of sleep disturbance. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2022;143: 104941. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104941
Mesa, X.M.R., A.F.M. Vergara, L.A.C. Bolanos, et al. Therapeutic Prospects of Cannabinoids in the Immunomodulation of Prevalent Autoimmune Diseases. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research. 2021;6(3): 196-210. doi: 10.1089/can.2020.0183
Katchan, V., P. David, and Y. Shoenfeld. Cannabinoids and autoimmune diseases: A systematic review. Autoimmunity Reviews. 2016;15(6): 513-528. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.02.008
Holloman, B.L., M. Nagarkatti, and P. Nagarkatti. Epigenetic Regulation of Cannabinoid-Mediated Attenuation of Inflammation and Its Impact on the Use of Cannabinoids to Treat Autoimmune Diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021;22(14). doi: 10.3390/ijms22147302
Khurshid, H., I.A. Qureshi, N. Jahan, et al. A Systematic Review of Fibromyalgia and Recent Advancements in Treatment: Is Medicinal Cannabis a New Hope? Cureus. 2021;13(8). doi: 10.7759/cureus.17332
Sarzi-Puttini, P., J. Ablin, A. Trabelsi, et al. Cannabinoids in the treatment of rheumatic diseases: Pros and cons. Autoimmun Rev. 2019;18(12): 102409. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.102409
Strand, N.H., J. Maloney, M. Kraus, et al. Cannabis for the Treatment of Fibromyalgia: A Systematic Review. Biomedicines. 2023;11(6). doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11061621
Paland, N., H. Hamza, A. Pechkovsky, et al. Cannabis and Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Scoping Review Evaluating the Benefits, Risks, and Future Research Directions. Rambam Maimonides Med J. 2023;14(4). doi: 10.5041/rmmj.10509
Bunman, S., S. Muengtaweepongsa, D. Piyayotai, et al. Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of 1% Topical Cannabidiol Gel in Animal Models. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 2023. doi: 10.1089/can.2023.0070
Wang, J., Y.L. Wang, M.T. Tong, et al. New Prospect for Cancer Cachexia: Medical Cannabinoid. Journal of Cancer. 2019;10(3): 716-720. doi: 10.7150/jca.28246
Simon, L., C. Baldwin, A.Z. Kalea, et al. Cannabinoid interventions for improving cachexia outcomes in cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle. 2021. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.12861
Maurer, G.E., N.M. Mathews, K.T. Schleich, et al. Understanding Cannabis-Based Therapeutics in Sports Medicine. Sports Health-a Multidisciplinary Approach. 2020;12(6): 540-546. doi: 10.1177/1941738120956604
Chung, M., H.K. Kim, and S. Abdi. Update on cannabis and cannabinoids for cancer pain. Current Opinion in Anesthesiology. 2020;33(6): 825-831. doi: 10.1097/Aco.0000000000000934
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). NanaBis™ an Oro-buccal Administered delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (d9-THC) & Cannabidiol (CBD) Medicine for the Management of Bone Pain From Metastatic Cancers. Identifier: NCT04808531. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04808531 (Accessed 22nd March 2022).
Ang, S.P., S. Sidharthan, W. Lai, et al. Cannabinoids as a Potential Alternative to Opioids in the Management of Various Pain Subtypes: Benefits, Limitations, and Risks. Pain Ther. 2023;12(2): 355-375. doi: 10.1007/s40122-022-00465-y
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Opioid-Sparing Effect of Oral Cannabinoids. Identifier: NCT05351905. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05351905?term=NCT05351905&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 28th April 2022).
Fallon, M.T., E. Albert Lux, R. McQuade, et al. Sativex oromucosal spray as adjunctive therapy in advanced cancer patients with chronic pain unalleviated by optimized opioid therapy: two double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 studies. British journal of pain. 2017;11(3): 119-133. doi: 10.1177/2049463717710042
Alenabi, A. and H. Malekinejad. Cannabinoids pharmacological effects are beyond the palliative effects: CB2 cannabinoid receptor agonist induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells (HT-29). Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2021;476(9): 3285-3301. doi: 10.1007/s11010-021-04158-6
Velasco, G., C. Sánchez, and M. Guzmán. Towards the use of cannabinoids as antitumour agents. Nature Reviews Cancer. 2012;12(6): 436-444. doi: 10.1038/nrc3247
Lee, X.C., E. Werner, and M. Falasca. Molecular Mechanism of Autophagy and Its Regulation by Cannabinoids in Cancer. Cancers. 2021;13(6). doi: 10.3390/cancers13061211
Ramer, R., F. Wendt, F. Wittig, et al. Impact of Cannabinoid Compounds on Skin Cancer. Cancers. 2022;14(7). doi: 10.3390/cancers14071769.
Rocha, F.C.M., J.G. dos Santos Júnior, S.C. Stefano, et al. Systematic review of the literature on clinical and experimental trials on the antitumor effects of cannabinoids in gliomas. Journal of neuro-oncology. 2014;116(1): 11-24. doi: 10.1007/s11060-013-1277-1
Nabissi, M., M.B. Morelli, M. Santoni, et al. Triggering of the TRPV2 channel by cannabidiol sensitizes glioblastoma cells to cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents. Carcinogenesis. 2013;34(1): 48-57. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgs328
The U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Developing Products for Rare Diseases & Conditions. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/opdlisting/oopd/detailedIndex.cfm?cfgridkey=620417. (Accessed 15th August 2022).
Almeida, C.F., N. Teixeira, G. Correia-da-Silva, et al. Cannabinoids in Breast Cancer: Differential Susceptibility According to Subtype. Molecules. 2022;27(1). doi: 10.3390/molecules27010156
Zaiachuk, M., N. Pryimak, O. Kovalchuk, et al. Cannabinoids, Medical Cannabis, and Colorectal Cancer Immunotherapy. Frontiers in Medicine. 2021;8. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.713153
Singh, K., N. Nassar, A. Bachari, et al. The Pathophysiology and the Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoids in Prostate Cancer. Cancers. 2021;13(16). doi: 10.3390/cancers13164107
Irrera, N., A. Bitto, E. Sant'Antonio, et al. Pros and Cons of the Cannabinoid System in Cancer: Focus on Hematological Malignancies. Molecules. 2021;26(13). doi: 10.3390/molecules26133866
Ladin, D.A., E. Soliman, L. Griffin, et al. Preclinical and Clinical Assessment of Cannabinoids as Anti-Cancer Agents (vol 7, 361, 2016). Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2021;12. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00361
Guzman, M., M. Duarte, C. Blazquez, et al. A pilot clinical study of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. British journal of cancer. 2006;95(2): 197-203. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603236
Singh, Y. and C. Bali. Cannabis extract treatment for terminal acute lymphoblastic leukemia with a Philadelphia chromosome mutation. Case reports in oncology. 2013;6(3): 585-592. doi: 10.1159/000356446
Twelves, C., M. Sabel, D. Checketts, et al. A phase 1b randomised, placebo-controlled trial of nabiximols cannabinoid oromucosal spray with temozolomide in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. British journal of cancer. 2021;124(8): 1379-1387. doi: 10.1038/s41416-021-01259-3
Foroughi, M., G. Hendson, M.A. Sargent, et al. Spontaneous regression of septum pellucidum/forniceal pilocytic astrocytomas—possible role of Cannabis inhalation. Child's Nervous System. 2011;27(4): 671-679. doi: 10.1007/s00381-011-1410-4
Abrams, D.I. Cannabis, Cannabinoids and Cannabis-Based Medicines in Cancer Care Comment. Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2022;21. doi: 10.1177/15347354221081772
Fraguas-Sanchez, A.I., A. Fernandez-Carballido, and A.I. Torres-Suarez. Phyto-, endo- and synthetic cannabinoids: promising chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of breast and prostate carcinomas. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 2016;25(11): 1311-1323. doi: 10.1080/13543784.2016.1236913
Morales, P., D.P. Hurst, and P.H. Reggio. Molecular Targets of the Phytocannabinoids: A Complex Picture. Prog Chem Org Nat Prod. 2017;103: 103-131. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-45541-9_4
Castaneto, M.S., D.A. Gorelick, N.A. Desrosiers, et al. Synthetic cannabinoids: epidemiology, pharmacodynamics, and clinical implications. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014;144: 12-41. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.08.005
Lu, H.-C. and K. Mackie. Review of the Endocannabinoid System. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging. 2021;6(6): 607-615. doi: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.07.016
Lowe, H., N. Toyang, B. Steele, et al. The Endocannabinoid System: A Potential Target for the Treatment of Various Diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(17). doi: 10.3390/ijms22179472
Grotenhermen, F. and K. Muller-Vahl. The Therapeutic Potential of Cannabis and Cannabinoids. Deutsches Arzteblatt International. 2012;109(29-30): 495-U39. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2012.0495
The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). Medical Use of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Questions and answers for policymaking. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union Available from: https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/system/files/publications/10171/20185584_TD0618186ENN_PDF.pdf (Accessed 24th April 2022).
Rehm, J. and B. Fischer. Cannabis Legalization With Strict Regulation, the Overall Superior Policy Option for Public Health. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2015;97(6): 541-544. doi: 10.1002/cpt.93
Abuhasira, R., L. Shbiro, and Y. Landschaft. Medical use of cannabis and cannabinoids containing products - Regulations in Europe and North America. European Journal of Internal Medicine. 2018;49: 2-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2018.01.001
Lucas, C.J., P. Galettis, and J. Schneider. The pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;84(11): 2477-2482. doi: 10.1111/bcp.13710
Tijani, A.O., D. Thakur, D. Mishra, et al. Delivering therapeutic cannabinoids via skin: Current state and future perspectives. J Control Release. 2021;334: 427-451. doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.05.005
Rice, J. and M. Cameron. Cannabinoids for Treatment of MS Symptoms: State of the Evidence. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2018;18(8): 50. doi: 10.1007/s11910-018-0859-x
Bedrocan products. Available from: https://bedrocan.com/products-services/ (Accessed 6th October 2023).
Russo, E.B. Clinical Endocannabinoid Deficiency Reconsidered: Current Research Supports the Theory in Migraine, Fibromyalgia, Irritable Bowel, and Other Treatment-Resistant Syndromes. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research. 2016;1(1): 154-165. doi: 10.1089/can.2016.0009
Giacoppo, S., G. Mandolino, M. Galuppo, et al. Cannabinoids: New Promising Agents in the Treatment of Neurological Diseases. Molecules. 2014;19(11): 18781-18816. doi: 10.3390/molecules191118781
Abu-Sawwa, R., B. Scutt, and Y. Park. Emerging Use of Epidiolex (Cannabidiol) in Epilepsy. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2020;25(6): 485-499. doi: 10.5863/1551-6776-25.6.485
The U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA). FDA regulation of cannabis and cannabis-derived products, including cannabidiol (CBD). Available from: https://www.fda.gov/news-events/public-health-focus/fda-regulation-cannabis-and-cannabis-derived-products-including-cannabidiol-cbd#childeats (Accessed 12th November 2023).
Cristino, L., T. Bisogno, and V. Di Marzo. Cannabinoids and the expanded endocannabinoid system in neurological disorders. Nat Rev Neurol. 2020;16(1): 9-29. doi: 10.1038/s41582-019-0284-z
Chayasirisobhon, S. The Role of Cannabidiol in Neurological Disorders. Perm J. 2021;25. doi: 10.7812/tpp/20.156
Liu, S., Z. He, and J. Li. Long-term efficacy and adverse effects of cannabidiol in adjuvant treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord. 2023;16: 17562864231207755. doi: 10.1177/17562864231207755
Hausman-Kedem, M., S. Menascu, and U. Kramer. Efficacy of CBD-enriched medical cannabis for treatment of refractory epilepsy in children and adolescents - An observational, longitudinal study. Brain Dev. 2018;40(7): 544-551. doi: 10.1016/j.braindev.2018.03.013
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Treatment with Cannabis Oil containing CBD only or 20:1 CBD:THC vs. placebo of persons with ADHD. Identifier NCT05219370 Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05219370?term=ADHD&cond=cannabis&draw=2&rank=3 (Accessed 2nd February 2022).
Schwaller, K., Z. Krauss, A.M.H. Chen, et al. Parental Perceptions and Usage of Unlicensed Cannabidiol Products in Children With Anxiety and Neurodevelopmental Disorders. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2023;28(4): 323-328. doi: 10.5863/1551-6776-28.4.323
Montero-Oleas, N., I. Arevalo-Rodriguez, S. Nuñez-González, et al. Therapeutic use of cannabis and cannabinoids: an evidence mapping and appraisal of systematic reviews. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2020;20(1): 12. doi: 10.1186/s12906-019-2803-2
Bega, D., P. Gonzalez-Latapi, C. Zadikoff, et al. A review of the clinical evidence for complementary and alternative therapies in Parkinson's disease. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2014;16(10): 314. doi: 10.1007/s11940-014-0314-5
Koppel, B.S., J.C. Brust, T. Fife, et al. Systematic review: efficacy and safety of medical marijuana in selected neurologic disorders: report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2014;82(17): 1556-63. doi: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000000363
Watt, G. and T. Karl. In vivo Evidence for Therapeutic Properties of Cannabidiol (CBD) for Alzheimer's Disease. Front Pharmacol. 2017;8: 20. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00020
Baul, H.S., C. Manikandan, and D. Sen. Cannabinoid receptor as a potential therapeutic target for Parkinson’s Disease. Brain Research Bulletin. 2019;146: 244-252. doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.01.016
Chagas, M.H., A.W. Zuardi, V. Tumas, et al. Effects of cannabidiol in the treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease: an exploratory double-blind trial. J Psychopharmacol. 2014;28(11): 1088-98. doi: 10.1177/0269881114550355
Zuardi, A.W., J.A. Crippa, J.E. Hallak, et al. Cannabidiol for the treatment of psychosis in Parkinson's disease. J Psychopharmacol. 2009;23(8): 979-83. doi: 10.1177/0269881108096519
Singh, K., B. Bhushan, D.K. Chanchal, et al. Emerging Therapeutic Potential of Cannabidiol (CBD) in Neurological Disorders: A Comprehensive Review. Behavioural Neurology. 2023;2023: 8825358. doi: 10.1155/2023/8825358
Fine, P.G. and M.J. Rosenfeld. Cannabinoids for neuropathic pain. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2014;18(10): 451. doi: 10.1007/s11916-014-0451-2
Arthur, P., A.K. Kalvala, S.K. Surapaneni, et al. Applications of Cannabinoids in Neuropathic Pain: An Updated Review. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 2024;41(1): 1-33. doi: 10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2022038592
Mechtler, L.L., F.M. Gengo, and V.H. Bargnes. Cannabis and Migraine: It's Complicated. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2021;25(3): 16. doi: 10.1007/s11916-020-00931-2
Lo Castro, F., C. Baraldi, L. Pellesi, et al. Clinical Evidence of Cannabinoids in Migraine: A Narrative Review. J Clin Med. 2022;11(6). doi: 10.3390/jcm11061479
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Effect of Cannabis and Endocannabinoids on HIV Neuropathic Pain. Identifier NCT03099005. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03099005?term=NCT03099005&draw=2&rank=1.
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Pain, Inflammation, and Cannabis in HIV (PITCH). Identifier NCT04860089. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04860089?term=NCT04860089&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 26th April 2022).
Wallace, M.S., T.D. Marcotte, A. Umlauf, et al. Efficacy of Inhaled Cannabis on Painful Diabetic Neuropathy. J Pain. 2015;16(7): 616-27. doi: 10.1016/j.jpain.2015.03.008
Xu, D.H., B.D. Cullen, M. Tang, et al. The Effectiveness of Topical Cannabidiol Oil in Symptomatic Relief of Peripheral Neuropathy of the Lower Extremities. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2020;21(5): 390-402. doi:10.2174/1389201020666191202111534
National Library of Medicine (U.S.).Proof of Concept Trial of Cannabis Derivatives in Neuropathic Pain. Identifier NCT05351801. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05351801?cond=Proof+of+Concept+Trial+of+Cannabis+Derivatives+in&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 28th April 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). HEMP: CBD-induced Biomarkers of Inflammation Reduction in People Living With HIV at the Single Cell Level (cannabis). Identifier: NCT05209867. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05209867?term=NCT05209867&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 27th January 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). The Effects of Medical Cannabis in Children With Autistic Spectrum Disorder. Identifier NCT05212493. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05212493?term=NCT05212493&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 28th January 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Cannabidiol (CBD) in Adults With ASD. Identifier NCT05015439. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05015439?term=NCT05015439&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 20th August 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Therapeutic Response of Cannabidiol in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Identifier NCT04911127. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04911127?term=NCT04911127&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 2nd June 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Impact of Cannabis on Pain and Inflammation Among Patients With Rheumatoid or Psoriatic Arthritis. Identifier NCT04269993. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04269993?term=NCT04269993&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 17th February 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Cannabidiol (CBD) in Pain Reduction for Knee Osteoarthritis. Identifier NCT05020028. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05020028?term=NCT05020028&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 25th August 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Efficacy of Inhaled Cannabis for Acute Migraine Treatment. Identifier NCT04360044. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04360044?term=NCT04360044&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 24th April 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Cannabis for the Prophylactic Treatment of Migraine. Identifier NCT03972124. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03972124?term=NCT03972124&draw=2&rank=1.
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Cannabidiol 133mg + Cannabigerol 66mg + Tetrahydrocannabinol 4mg vs Placebo as Adjuvant Treatment in Chronic Migraine - (CAMTREA). Identifier NCT04989413. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04989413?term=NCT04989413&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 4th August 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Is Medicinal Cannabis an Effective Treatment for Tourette Syndrome in Adolescents? A Pilot Study. Identifier NCT05184478. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05184478?term=NCT05184478&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 11st January 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Cannabis For Cancer-Related Symptoms (CAFCARS). Identifier: NCT03948074. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03948074?term=NCT03948074&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 13th May 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Effect of Hemp-CBD on Patients With CIPN (Coala-T-CBD). Identifier NCT04398446. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04398446?term=NCT04398446&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 21st May 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Safety and Efficacy of Inhaled Cannabis For the Uncontrolled Pain Relief in Patients With Advanced Cancer (PLENITUDE). Identifier NCT04042545. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04042545?term=NCT04042545&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 2nd August 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Cannabis Oil for Pain in Parkinson's Disease (MDC-CAN-PD). Identifier: NCT03639064. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03639064?term=NCT03639064&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 20th August 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Feasibility of Cannabidiol for the Treatment of Long COVID. Identifier: NCT04997395. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04997395?term=NCT04997395&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 9th August 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Cannabidiol Treatment for Severe and Critical Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pulmonary Infection. Identifier NCT04731116. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04731116?term=NCT04731116&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 2nd January 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.).Cannabinoids as a Treatment for Insomnia in Major Depression (CANMDD). Identifier NCT05041647. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05041647?term=NCT05041647&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 13th September 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Cannabinol Use in Patients With Insomnia Disorder (CUPID). Identifier NCT05344170. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05344170?term=NCT05344170&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 25th April 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). A Study of Cybis™ 10:25 THC:CBD Oil in Adults With Chronic Back/Neck Pain (CYDEPS). Identifier NCT04976738. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04976738?term=NCT04976738&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 26th July 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Effectiveness of Cannabinoids on Appetite in Scleroderma. Identifier NCT05416697. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05416697?term=NCT05416697&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 13th June 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). A Pilot Trial of Nabilone for the Treatment of Obesity. Identifier NCT04801641. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04801641?term=NCT04801641&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 17th March 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Cannabidiol for the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders: An 8-Week Pilot Study. Identifier NCT03549819. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03549819?term=NCT03549819&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 8th June 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). A Clinical Trial of a Hemp-Derived Cannabidiol Product for Anxiety. Identifier NCT04286594. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04286594?term=NCT04286594&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 27th February 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Cannabidiol for Fibromyalgia (The CANNFIB Trial) (CANNFIB). Identifier NCT04729179. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04729179?term=NCT04729179&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 28th January 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). CBD (Cannabidiol)/THC (Tetrahydrocannabinol) Solution as a Pharmacological Strategy for Patients With Fibromyalgia (FibroCann). Identifier NCT05283161. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05283161?term=NCT05283161&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 16th March 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). SCI-110 for Alzheimer's Disease and Agitation. Identifier NCT05239390. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05239390?term=NCT05239390&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 14th February 2022).
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Nabilone for Agitation Blinded Intervention Trial (NAB-IT). Identifier: NCT04516057. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04516057?term=NCT04516057&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 17th August 2022).
Grierson, G.A. The hemp plant in Sanskrit and hindi literature. Indian Antiquary. 1894: 260-262.
Gieringer, D. and E. Rosenthal, Marijuana medical handbook: practical guide to therapeutic uses of marijuana. 2008: Quick Trading Company.
Struwe, M., S.H. Kaempfer, C.J. Geiger, et al. Effect of dronabinol on nutritional status in HIV infection. Ann Pharmacother. 1993;27(7-8): 827-31. doi: 10.1177/106002809302700701
Kosiba, J.D., S.A. Maisto, and J.W. Ditre. Patient-reported use of medical cannabis for pain, anxiety, and depression symptoms: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Social Science & Medicine. 2019;233: 181-192. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.06.005
Lintzeris, N., J. Driels, N. Elias, et al. Medicinal cannabis in Australia, 2016: the Cannabis as Medicine Survey (CAMS-16). Medical Journal of Australia. 2018;209(5): 211-216. doi:10.5694/mja17.01247
Bambico, F.R., N. Katz, G. Debonnel, et al. Cannabinoids elicit antidepressant-like behavior and activate serotonergic neurons through the medial prefrontal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience. 2007;27(43): 11700-11711. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1636-07.2007
Jiang, W., Y. Zhang, L. Xiao, et al. Cannabinoids promote embryonic and adult hippocampus neurogenesis and produce anxiolytic-and antidepressant-like effects. The Journal of clinical investigation. 2005;115(11): 3104-3116. doi: 10.1172/JCI25509
Rosário, B.D.A., J.A. Lemes, M.P. de Lima, et al. Subjective, behavioral and neurobiological effects of cannabis and cannabinoids in social anxiety. Rev Neurosci. 2023. doi: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0078
Stanciu, C.N., M.F. Brunette, N. Teja, et al. Evidence for use of cannabinoids in mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and PTSD: a systematic review. Psychiatric Services. 2021;72(4): 429-436. doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.202000189
Haycraft, A.L. Cannabis update: Anxiety disorders and post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of the American Association of Nurse Practitioners. 2023;35(5): 276-280. doi: 10.1097/jxx.0000000000000864
McGuire, P., P. Robson, W.J. Cubala, et al. Cannabidiol (CBD) as an Adjunctive Therapy in Schizophrenia: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2018;175(3): 225-231. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.17030325
Ahmed, S., R.M. Roth, C.N. Stanciu, et al. The Impact of THC and CBD in Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12: 694394. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.694394
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Pilot Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Four Different Potencies of Smoked Marijuana in 76 Veterans With PTSD. Identifier NCT02759185. Available from: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02759185?term=NCT02759185&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 3rd May 2022).
Moreno-Sanz, G., A. Madiedo, M. Lynskey, et al. "Flower Power": Controlled Inhalation of THC-Predominant Cannabis Flos Improves Health-Related Quality of Life and Symptoms of Chronic Pain and Anxiety in Eligible UK Patients. Biomedicines. 2022;10(10). doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10102576
Bonn-Miller, M.O., S. Sisley, P. Riggs, et al. The short-term impact of 3 smoked cannabis preparations versus placebo on PTSD symptoms: A randomized cross-over clinical trial. PLoS One. 2021;16(3): e0246990. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246990
Orsolini, L., S. Chiappini, U. Volpe, et al. Use of medicinal cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD): a systematic review. Medicina. 2019;55(9): 525. doi: 10.3390/medicina55090525
Sarris, J., J. Sinclair, D. Karamacoska, et al. Medicinal cannabis for psychiatric disorders: a clinically-focused systematic review. BMC Psychiatry. 2020;20(1): 24. doi: 10.1186/s12888-019-2409-8
Narayan, A.J., L.A. Downey, B. Manning, et al. Cannabinoid treatments for anxiety: A systematic review and consideration of the impact of sleep disturbance. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2022;143: 104941. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104941
Mesa, X.M.R., A.F.M. Vergara, L.A.C. Bolanos, et al. Therapeutic Prospects of Cannabinoids in the Immunomodulation of Prevalent Autoimmune Diseases. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research. 2021;6(3): 196-210. doi: 10.1089/can.2020.0183
Katchan, V., P. David, and Y. Shoenfeld. Cannabinoids and autoimmune diseases: A systematic review. Autoimmunity Reviews. 2016;15(6): 513-528. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.02.008
Holloman, B.L., M. Nagarkatti, and P. Nagarkatti. Epigenetic Regulation of Cannabinoid-Mediated Attenuation of Inflammation and Its Impact on the Use of Cannabinoids to Treat Autoimmune Diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021;22(14). doi: 10.3390/ijms22147302
Khurshid, H., I.A. Qureshi, N. Jahan, et al. A Systematic Review of Fibromyalgia and Recent Advancements in Treatment: Is Medicinal Cannabis a New Hope? Cureus. 2021;13(8). doi: 10.7759/cureus.17332
Sarzi-Puttini, P., J. Ablin, A. Trabelsi, et al. Cannabinoids in the treatment of rheumatic diseases: Pros and cons. Autoimmun Rev. 2019;18(12): 102409. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2019.102409
Strand, N.H., J. Maloney, M. Kraus, et al. Cannabis for the Treatment of Fibromyalgia: A Systematic Review. Biomedicines. 2023;11(6). doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11061621
Paland, N., H. Hamza, A. Pechkovsky, et al. Cannabis and Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Scoping Review Evaluating the Benefits, Risks, and Future Research Directions. Rambam Maimonides Med J. 2023;14(4). doi: 10.5041/rmmj.10509
Bunman, S., S. Muengtaweepongsa, D. Piyayotai, et al. Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of 1% Topical Cannabidiol Gel in Animal Models. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 2023. doi: 10.1089/can.2023.0070
Wang, J., Y.L. Wang, M.T. Tong, et al. New Prospect for Cancer Cachexia: Medical Cannabinoid. Journal of Cancer. 2019;10(3): 716-720. doi: 10.7150/jca.28246
Simon, L., C. Baldwin, A.Z. Kalea, et al. Cannabinoid interventions for improving cachexia outcomes in cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle. 2021. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.12861
Maurer, G.E., N.M. Mathews, K.T. Schleich, et al. Understanding Cannabis-Based Therapeutics in Sports Medicine. Sports Health-a Multidisciplinary Approach. 2020;12(6): 540-546. doi: 10.1177/1941738120956604
Chung, M., H.K. Kim, and S. Abdi. Update on cannabis and cannabinoids for cancer pain. Current Opinion in Anesthesiology. 2020;33(6): 825-831. doi: 10.1097/Aco.0000000000000934
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). NanaBis™ an Oro-buccal Administered delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (d9-THC) & Cannabidiol (CBD) Medicine for the Management of Bone Pain From Metastatic Cancers. Identifier: NCT04808531. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04808531 (Accessed 22nd March 2022).
Ang, S.P., S. Sidharthan, W. Lai, et al. Cannabinoids as a Potential Alternative to Opioids in the Management of Various Pain Subtypes: Benefits, Limitations, and Risks. Pain Ther. 2023;12(2): 355-375. doi: 10.1007/s40122-022-00465-y
National Library of Medicine (U.S.). Opioid-Sparing Effect of Oral Cannabinoids. Identifier: NCT05351905. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05351905?term=NCT05351905&draw=2&rank=1 (Accessed 28th April 2022).
Fallon, M.T., E. Albert Lux, R. McQuade, et al. Sativex oromucosal spray as adjunctive therapy in advanced cancer patients with chronic pain unalleviated by optimized opioid therapy: two double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled phase 3 studies. British journal of pain. 2017;11(3): 119-133. doi: 10.1177/2049463717710042
Alenabi, A. and H. Malekinejad. Cannabinoids pharmacological effects are beyond the palliative effects: CB2 cannabinoid receptor agonist induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in human colorectal cancer cells (HT-29). Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 2021;476(9): 3285-3301. doi: 10.1007/s11010-021-04158-6
Velasco, G., C. Sánchez, and M. Guzmán. Towards the use of cannabinoids as antitumour agents. Nature Reviews Cancer. 2012;12(6): 436-444. doi: 10.1038/nrc3247
Lee, X.C., E. Werner, and M. Falasca. Molecular Mechanism of Autophagy and Its Regulation by Cannabinoids in Cancer. Cancers. 2021;13(6). doi: 10.3390/cancers13061211
Ramer, R., F. Wendt, F. Wittig, et al. Impact of Cannabinoid Compounds on Skin Cancer. Cancers. 2022;14(7). doi: 10.3390/cancers14071769.
Rocha, F.C.M., J.G. dos Santos Júnior, S.C. Stefano, et al. Systematic review of the literature on clinical and experimental trials on the antitumor effects of cannabinoids in gliomas. Journal of neuro-oncology. 2014;116(1): 11-24. doi: 10.1007/s11060-013-1277-1
Nabissi, M., M.B. Morelli, M. Santoni, et al. Triggering of the TRPV2 channel by cannabidiol sensitizes glioblastoma cells to cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents. Carcinogenesis. 2013;34(1): 48-57. doi: 10.1093/carcin/bgs328
The U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Developing Products for Rare Diseases & Conditions. Available from: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/opdlisting/oopd/detailedIndex.cfm?cfgridkey=620417. (Accessed 15th August 2022).
Almeida, C.F., N. Teixeira, G. Correia-da-Silva, et al. Cannabinoids in Breast Cancer: Differential Susceptibility According to Subtype. Molecules. 2022;27(1). doi: 10.3390/molecules27010156
Zaiachuk, M., N. Pryimak, O. Kovalchuk, et al. Cannabinoids, Medical Cannabis, and Colorectal Cancer Immunotherapy. Frontiers in Medicine. 2021;8. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.713153
Singh, K., N. Nassar, A. Bachari, et al. The Pathophysiology and the Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoids in Prostate Cancer. Cancers. 2021;13(16). doi: 10.3390/cancers13164107
Irrera, N., A. Bitto, E. Sant'Antonio, et al. Pros and Cons of the Cannabinoid System in Cancer: Focus on Hematological Malignancies. Molecules. 2021;26(13). doi: 10.3390/molecules26133866
Ladin, D.A., E. Soliman, L. Griffin, et al. Preclinical and Clinical Assessment of Cannabinoids as Anti-Cancer Agents (vol 7, 361, 2016). Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2021;12. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00361
Guzman, M., M. Duarte, C. Blazquez, et al. A pilot clinical study of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. British journal of cancer. 2006;95(2): 197-203. doi: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603236
Singh, Y. and C. Bali. Cannabis extract treatment for terminal acute lymphoblastic leukemia with a Philadelphia chromosome mutation. Case reports in oncology. 2013;6(3): 585-592. doi: 10.1159/000356446
Twelves, C., M. Sabel, D. Checketts, et al. A phase 1b randomised, placebo-controlled trial of nabiximols cannabinoid oromucosal spray with temozolomide in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. British journal of cancer. 2021;124(8): 1379-1387. doi: 10.1038/s41416-021-01259-3
Foroughi, M., G. Hendson, M.A. Sargent, et al. Spontaneous regression of septum pellucidum/forniceal pilocytic astrocytomas—possible role of Cannabis inhalation. Child's Nervous System. 2011;27(4): 671-679. doi: 10.1007/s00381-011-1410-4
Abrams, D.I. Cannabis, Cannabinoids and Cannabis-Based Medicines in Cancer Care Comment. Integrative Cancer Therapies. 2022;21. doi: 10.1177/15347354221081772
Sayfalar
13-34
Gelecek
16 Nisan 2024
Telif Hakkı (c) 2024 Akademisyen Yayınevi Kitap Portalı
Lisans
LisansNasıl Atıf Yapılır
1.
Altun B. Therapeutic Use of Cannabinoids: Clinical Overview and Recent Updates. Içinde: Yamalı C, editör. Current Research in Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences II-2024 [Internet]. Türkiye: Akademisyen Yayınevi Kitap DOI Portalı; 2024 [a.yer 13 Temmuz 2026]. ss. 13-34. Erişim adresi: https://www.omp35.books.akademisyen.net/index.php/akya/catalog/book/3054/chapter/13717
