Psittakoz Epidemiyolojisi, Tanı ve Tedavisi
Synopsis
Psittakoz, Chlamydia psittaci’nin neden olduğu belirgin sistemik bulgulara ve bazı solunum semptomlarına neden olan bir infeksiyon hastalığıdır. Genellikle papağan, hindi gibi kuş türlerinden insanlara bulaşmaktadır. Etken, Gram-negatif, spor oluşturmayan, kapsülsüz ve zorunlu hücre içi bir bakteridir. İnfeksiyon genellikle solunum yoluyla, doğrudan temasla veya bulaşıcı akıntıların veya tozun aerosol haline getirilmesiyle yayılır. Hastalık, ani başlangıçlı ateş, belirgin baş ağrısı ve kuru öksürük şeklinde ortaya çıkabileceği gibi asemptomatik de seyredebilir. Genellikle yakın bir kuş teması öyküsü vardır. Vakaların yaklaşık %80'inin akciğer grafisinde bulgu vardır. Tedavide tetrasiklinler tercih edilen ilaçlardır. Tetrasiklinlerin kontrendike olduğu durumlarda azitromisin veya klaritromisin genellikle ikinci basamak tedavi olarak önerilmektedir.
Psittacosis is an infectious disease caused by Chlamydia psittaci, characterized by prominent systemic symptoms and some respiratory symptoms. It is typically transmitted to humans from bird species such as parrots and turkeys. The causative agent is a Gram-negative, non-spore- forming, non-capsulated, obligate intracellular bacterium. The infection is usually spread through respiratory droplets, direct contact, or aerosolization of infectious secretions. The disease can manifest with abrupt onset fever, significant headache, and dry cough. Approximately 80% of cases show findings on chest X-ray. Tetracyclines are the preferred drugs for treatment. In cases where tetracyclines are contraindicated, azithromycin generally recommended as second-line therapy.
References
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Zweifel D, Hoop R, Sachse K, Pospischil A, Borel N. Prevalance of Chlamydophila psittaci in wild birds-potential risk for domestic poultry, pet birds, and public health? Eur J Wildl Res. 2009; 55: 575-81.
Zhou J, Qiu C, Lin G, et al. Isolation of Chlamydophila psittaci from laying hens in China. Vet Res, 2010; 3 (3): 43-5.
Madani SA, Peighambari SM, Barin A. Isolation of Chlaydophila psittaci from pet birds in Iran. Int JVR. 2011; 5 (2): 95-8.
Wolff BJ, Morrison SS, Pesti D, et al. Chlamydia psittaci comparative genomics reveals intraspecies variations in the putative outer membrane and type III secretion system genes. Microbiol. 2015; 161: 1378.
Arda M. Kafes kuşu hastalıkları. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Ayban matbaacılık ve yayıncılık. 2008.
Vanrompay D, Harkinezhad T, Walle M, BeeckmanD, Droogenbroeck C, Verminnen K, et al. Chlamydophila psittaci transmission from pet birds to humans. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007; 13 (7): 1108-1110.
Bilgehan H. Klinik mikrobiyoloji, özel bakteriyoloji ve bakteri enfeksiyonları, 10.Baskı. İzmir: Barış Yayınları Fakülteler Kitabevi, 2000: 601-3.
Harkinezhad T, Verminnen K, Buyzere MD, et al. Prevalence of Chlamydophila psittaci infections in a human population in contact with domestic and companion birds. J Med Microbiol. 2009; 58: 1207-12.
Hogerwerf L, DE Gier B, Baan B, VAN DER Hoek W. Chlamydia psittaci (psittacosis) as a cause of community-acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiol Infect. 2017; 145:3096.
Rybarczyk J, Versteele C, Lernout T, et al. Human psittacosis: a review with emphasis on surveillance in Belgium. Acta Clin Belg 2020; 75: 42.
Cadario ME, Frutos MC, Arias MB, et al. Epidemiological and molecular characteristics of Chlamydia psittaci from 8 human cases of psittacosis and 4 related birds in Argentina. Rev Argent Microbiol. 2017; 49: 323.
Rane V, Khailin K, Williams J, et al. Underdiagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia psittaci revealed by introduction of respiratory multiplex PCR assay with Chlamydiaceae family primers. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2018; 90: 163.
Marking U, Hammas B, Grabbe M, Giske C. [Psittacosis - a forgotten diagnosis in Sweden?]. Lakartidningen 2018; 115: FCX7
Wang C, Li L, Xie Y, et al. Isolation and Characterization of Avian Chlamydia psittaci from Symptomatic Pet Birds in Southern Hunan, China. Avian Dis. 2019; 63: 31.
Saeki S, Hirata I, Fukusako T, et al. [A case of psittacosis with psychiatric symptoms, abnormal EEG, and abnormal SPECT]. No To Shinkei. 1996; 48 :1141-5.
Gaede W, Reckling KF, Dresenkamp B, et al. Chlamydophila psittaci infections in humans during an outbreak of psittacosis from poultry in Germany. Zoonoses Public Health. 2008; 55: 184.
Mohan R. Epidemiologic and laboratory observations of Chlamydia psittaci infection in pet birds. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1984; 184: 1372.
Schlossberg D, Delgado J, Moore MM, et al. An epidemic of avian and human psittacosis. Arch Intern Med. 1993; 153:2594.
Hedberg K, White KE, Forfang JC, et al. An outbreak of psittacosis in Minnesota turkey industry workers: implications for modes of transmission and control. Am J Epidemiol. 1989; 130: 569.
Hinton DG, Shipley A, Galvin JW, et al. Chlamydiosis in workers at a duck farm and processing plant. Aust Vet J. 1993; 70: 174.
Heddema ER, van Hannen EJ, Duim B, et al. An outbreak of psittacosis due to Chlamydophila psittaci genotype A in a veterinary teaching hospital. J Med Microbiol. 2006; 55: 1571.
Čechová L, Halánová M, Babinská I, et al. Chlamydiosis in farmed chickens in Slovakia and zoonotic risk for humans. Ann Agric Environ Med 2018; 25:320.
Kaleta EF, Taday EM. Avian host range of Chlamydophila spp. based on isolation, antigen detection and serology. Avian Pathol. 2003; 32: 435.
Dickx V, Kalmar ID, Tavernier P, Vanrompay D. Prevalence and genotype distribution of Chlamydia psittaci in feral Canada geese (Branta canadensis) in Belgium. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2013; 13: 382.
Halsby KD, Walsh AL, Campbell C, et al. Healthy animals, healthy people: zoonosis risk from animal contact in pet shops, a systematic review of the literature. PLoS One. 2014; 9: e89309.
Laroucau K, de Barbeyrac B, Vorimore F, et al. Chlamydial infections in duck farms associated with human cases of psittacosis in France. Vet Microbiol. 2009; 135: 82.
Dickx V, Geens T, Deschuyffeleer T, et al. Chlamydophila psittaci zoonotic risk assessment in a chicken and turkey slaughterhouse. J Clin Microbiol. 2010; 48: 3244.
Amery-Gale J, Legione AR, Marenda MS, et al. Surveıllance for chlamydıa spp. Wıth multılocus sequence typıng analysıs ın wıld and captıve bırds ın vıctorıa, Australıa. J Wildl Dis. 2020; 56: 16.
Mamma M, Spandidos DA. Customs officers in relation to viral infections, tuberculosis, psittacosis and environmental health risk. Exp Ther Med. 2019; 17: 1149.
Petrovay F, Balla E. Two fatal cases of psittacosis caused by Chlamydophila psittaci. J Med Microbiol. 2008; 57: 1296.
Williams J, Tallis G, Dalton C, et al. Community outbreak of psittacosis in a rural Australian town. Lancet. 1998; 351: 1697.
Chan J, Doyle B, Branley J, et al. An outbreak of psittacosis at a veterinary school demonstrating a novel source of infection. One Health. 2017; 3: 29.
Jelocnik M. Chlamydiae from Down Under: The Curious Cases of Chlamydial Infections in Australia. Microorganisms. 2019; 7.
Kampinga GA, Schröder FP, Visser IJ, et al. [Lambing ewes as a source of severe psittacosis in a pregnant woman]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2000; 144: 2500.
Compendium of measures to control Chlamydia psittaci infection among humans (psittacosis) and pet birds (avian chlamydiosis), 1998. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Recomm Rep 1998; 47:1.
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Tunçer G. Psittakoz Epidemiyolojisi, Tanı ve Tedavisi. In: Dal T, editor. Mikrobiyolojide Güncel Konular V (Bahar) [Internet]. Türkiye: Academician Publishing Book DOI Portal; 2024 [cited 2026 Jul. 13]. pp. 1-18. Available from: https://www.omp35.books.akademisyen.net/index.php/akya/catalog/book/3058/chapter/13576
