Çörek Otu (Nigella Sativa)
Synopsis
Latince adıyla Nigella sativa ya da halk arasında çörekotu, kara tohum, siyah kimyon, bereket tanesi gibi adlarla bilinen bu bitki Avrupa, Kuzey Afrika ve Anadolu’da yabani tür olarak bulunur. Ülkemizde de gıda olarak kullanılmak üzere tohum elde etmek amacıyla çoğunlukla Afyon, Burdur ve Isparta’da ekilmekte olup, tohumlarının gıda olarak kullanılmasının yanı sıra, yüzyıllardır idrar ve süt artırıcı, iştah açıcı, adet söktürücü olarak geleneksel kullanımı da vardır (1). Nigella sativa’nın eski Mısır ve Yunan hekimler tarafından baş ağrısı, burun tıkanıklığı, diş ağrısı ve bağırsak kurtlarını tedavi etmek ve menstürasyonu düzenlemek için ayrıca süt artırıcı olarak reçetelendiği kaydedilmiştir. Astım, bronşit, baş ağrısı, dizanteri, enfeksiyonlar, şişmanlık, sırt ağrısı, hipertansiyon ve mide barsak yolları problemleri dahil geniş bir hastalık grubunun tedavisinde geleneksel ilaç olarak Orta Doğu ve Uzak Doğuda halk arasında uzun süre kullanılmaktadır. Egzama ve deri hastalıklarında kullanılması da dünya genelinde kabul edilmiştir (2). Nigella sativa'nın hipotansif, anti-nosiseptif, ürikozürik, koleretik, doğurganlık karşıtı, anti-diyabetik ve anti-histaminik gibi çeşitli farmakolojik özellikleri olduğu rapor edilmiştir (3). Ayrıca son yıllarda yapılan çalışmalarla Nigella sativa ve içeriklerinin antioksidan, antiinflamatuar, antimikrobiyal, antitümöral ve immünomodülatör özellikleri terapötik potansiyeli açısından dikkat çekmektedir.
This plant, known by its Latin name Nigella sativa or by other names such as black cumin, black seed, cornucopia, is found as a wild species in Europe, North Africa and Anatolia. In our country, it is mostly planted in Afyon, Burdur and Isparta to obtain seeds to be used as food. In addition to the use of its seeds as food, it has also been used traditionally as a urine and milk enhancer, appetite stimulant and menstrual stimulant for centuries. Nigella sativa is noted to have been prescribed by ancient Egyptian and Greek physicians to treat headaches, nasal congestion, toothaches, intestinal worms, and to regulate menstruation, as well as as a milk enhancer. It has long been used among the people in the Middle East and Far East as a traditional medicine in the treatment of a wide group of diseases, including asthma, bronchitis, headache, dysentery, infections, obesity, back pain, hypertension and gastrointestinal tract problems. Its use in eczema and skin diseases has also been accepted worldwide. Nigella sativa has been reported to have various pharmacological properties such as hypotensive, anti-nociceptive, uricosuric, choleretic, antifertile, anti-diabetic and anti-histaminic. In addition, with studies conducted in recent years, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antitumor and immunomodulatory properties of Nigella sativa and its ingredients have attracted attention in terms of their therapeutic potential.
References
Baytop, T. Türkiye’de Bitkiler ile Tedavi, Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, 2. Baskı, İstanbul, Sayfa 189, (1999)
Schleicher P, Saleh M. Black seed cumin: the magical Egyptian herb for allergies, asthma, and immune disorders. Rochester, Vermont7 Healing Arts Press; 1998. p. 90
Ali BH, Blunden G. Pharmacological and toxicological properties of Nigella sativa. Phytother Res 2003;17:299 – 305.
Hannan MA, Rahman MA, Sohag AAM, et al. Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.): A Comprehensive Review on Phytochemistry, Health Benefits, Molecular Pharmacology, and Safety. Nutrients. 2021; 13(6):1784. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061784
Ali BH, Blunden G. Pharmacological and toxicological properties of Nigella sativa. Phytother Res. 2003;17:299–305
Cheikh-Rouhou S., Besbes S., Lognay G., et al. Attia H. Sterol composition of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) and Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) seed oils. J. Food Compos. Anal. 2008;21:162–168. doi: 10.1016/j.jfca.2007.09.001.
Akram Khan M., Afzal M. Chemical composition of Nigella sativa Linn: Part 2 Recent advances. Inflammopharmacology. 2016;24:67–79. doi: 10.1007/s10787-016-0262-7.
Cheikh-Rouhou S., Besbes S., Hentati B., et al. Nigella sativa L.: Chemical composition and physicochemical characteristics of lipid fraction. Food Chem. 2007;101:673–681. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.02.022.
Toma C.C., Olah N.K., Vlase L., et al. Comparative studies on polyphenolic composition, antioxidant and diuretic effects of nigella sativa L. (black cumin) and nigella damascena L. (Lady-in-a-Mist) seeds. Molecules. 2015;20:9560. doi: 10.3390/molecules20069560.
Dabeek W.M., Marra M.V. Dietary Quercetin and Kaempferol: Bioavailability and Potential Cardiovascular-Related Bioactivity in Humans. Nutrients. 2019;11:2288. doi: 10.3390/nu11102288.
Kazemi, M. Phytochemical composition, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity of Nigella sativa L. essential oil. J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants 2014, 17, 1002–1011
Ismail, N., Ismail, M., Azmi, N.H., et al. Modulation of hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in human neuronal cells by thymoquinone-rich fraction and thymoquinone via transcriptomic regulation of antioxidant and apoptotic signaling genes. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2016.
Mabrouk, A. Protective effect of thymoquinone against lead-induced antioxidant defense system alteration in rat liver. Acta Biol. Hung. 2017, 68, 248–254
Cobourne-Duval, M.K., Taka, E., Mendonca, P., et al. The Antioxidant Effects of Thymoquinone in Activated BV-2 Murine Microglial Cells. Neurochem. Res. 2016, 41, 3227–3238
Ardiana, M., Pikir, B.S., Santoso, A., et al. Effect of Nigella sativa Supplementation on Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Parameters: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Sci. World J. 2020.
Bourgou S, Ksouri R, Bellila A, et al. Phenolic composition and biological activities of Tunisian Nigella sativa L. shoots and roots. C R Biol. 2008;331:48–55. ; Khader M, Bresgen N, Eckl PM. Antimutagenic effects of ethanolic extracts from selected Palestinian medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;127:319–324
Al-Ali A, Alkhawajah AA, Randhawa MA, et al. Oral and intraperitoneal LD50 of thymoquinone, an active principle of Nigella sativa, in mice and rats. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2008;20:252–257
Swamy SM, Huat BT. Intracellular glutathione depletion and reactive oxygen species generation are important in alpha-hederin-induced apoptosis of P388 cells. Mol Cell Biochem. 2003;24:127–139
El-Mahdy MA, Zhu Q, Wang QE, et al. Thymoquinone induces apoptosis through activation of caspase-8 and mitochondrial events in p53-null myeloblastic leukemia HL-60 cells. Int J Cancer. 2005;117:409–417
Effenberger K, Breyer S, Schobert R. Terpene conjugates of the Nigella sativa seed-oil constituent thymoquinone with enhanced efficacy in cancer cells. Chem Biodivers. 2010;7:129–139.
Farah IO, Begum RA. Effect of Nigella sativa (N. sativa L.) and oxidative stress on the survival pattern of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Biomed Sci instrum 2002; 39:359-364
Farah IO. Assessment of cellular responses to oxidative stress using MCF-7 breast cancer cells, black seed (N. Sativa L.) extracts and H2O2. Int J Envir Res Publ Health 2005; 2:411-419
El‐Aziz MA, Hassan HA, Mohamed MH, et al. The biochemical and morphological alterations following administration of melatonin, retinoic acid and Nigella sativa in mammary carcinoma: an animal model. Int J Exp pathol 2005; 86:383-396
Samarghandian, S., Azimi-Nezhad, M., Farkhondeh, T. Thymoquinone-induced antitumor and apoptosis in human lung adenocarcinoma cells. J. Cell Physiol. 2019, 234, 10421–10431
Jafri, S.H., Glass, J.; Shi, R., et al. Thymoquinone and cisplatin as a therapeutic combination in lung cancer: In vitro and in vivo. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 2010, 29, 87
Yang, J., Kuang, X.R., Lv, P.T., et al. Thymoquinone inhibits proliferation and invasion of human nonsmall-cell lung cancer cells via ERK pathway. Tumor Biol. 2015, 36, 259–269
Zhu, N., Zhao, X., Xiang, Y., et al. Thymoquinone attenuates monocrotaline-induced pulmonary artery hypertension via inhibiting pulmonary arterial remodeling in rats. Int. J. Cardiol. 2016, 221, 587–596
Hassan, M.I., Mabrouk, G.M., Shehata, H.H. et al. Antineoplastic effects of bee honey and Nigella sativa on hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Integr. Cancer Ther. 2012, 11, 354–363
Ashour, A.E., Abd-Allah, A.R., Korashy, H.M., et al. Thymoquinone suppression of the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth involves inhibition of IL-8 expression, elevated levels of TRAIL receptors, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 2014, 389, 85–98
ElKhoely, A., Hafez, H.F., Ashmawy, A.M., et al. Chemopreventive and therapeutic potentials of thymoquinone in HepG2 cells: Mechanistic perspectives. J. Nat. Med. 2015, 69, 313–323
Palabiyik, S.S., Karakus, E., Halici, Z., et al. The protective effects of carvacrol and thymol against paracetamol-induced toxicity on human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines (HepG2). Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 2016, 35, 1252–1263
Ansary J, Giampieri F, Forbes-Hernandez TY, et al. Nutritional Value and Preventive Role of Nigella sativa L. and Its Main Component Thymoquinone in Cancer: An Evidenced-Based Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Molecules. 2021 Apr 7;26(8):2108. doi: 10.3390/molecules26082108. PMID: 33916916; PMCID: PMC8067617
Wilson, A.J., Saskowski, J., Barham, W., et al. Thymoquinone enhances cisplatin-response through direct tumor effects in a syngeneic mouse model of ovarian cancer. J. Ovarian Res. 2015, 8, 46
Johnson-Ajinwo OR, Ullah I, Mbye H, et al. The synthesis and evaluation of thymoquinone analogues as anti-ovarian cancer and antimalarial agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2018 Apr 15;28(7):1219-1222. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.02.051. Epub 2018 Feb 27. PMID: 29519737
Wilson, A.J., Barham, W., Saskowski, J., et al. Tracking NF-κβ activity in tumor cells during ovarian cancer progression in a syngeneic mouse model. J. Ovarian Res. 2013, 6, 63
Peng, L., Liu, A., Shen, Y., et al. Antitumor and anti-angiogenesis effects of thymoquinone on osteosarcoma through the NF-κB pathway. Oncol. Rep. 2013, 29, 571–578
Shanmugam, M.K., Ahn, K.S., Hsu, A. et al. Thymoquinone inhibits bone metastasis of breast cancer cells through abrogation of the CXCR4 signaling axis. Front. Pharmacol. 2018, 9, 1294
Salim, E.I. Cancer chemopreventive potential of volatile oil from black cumin seeds, Nigella sativa L., in a rat multi-organ carcinogenesis bioassay. Oncol. Lett. 2010, 1, 913–924
Abdelfadil, E., Cheng, Y.H., Bau, D.T. et al. Thymoquinone induces apoptosis in oral cancer cells through p38β inhibition. Am. J. Chin. Med. 2013, 41, 683–696.
Alhosin, M., Ibrahim, A., Boukhari, A., et al. Anti-neoplastic agent thymoquinone induces degradation of α and β tubulin proteins in human cancer cells without affecting their level in normal human fibroblasts. Investig. New Drugs. 2012, 30, 1813–1819
Subburayan, K., Thayyullathil, F., Pallichankandy, S., et al. Par-4-dependent p53 up-regulation plays a critical role in thymoquinone-induced cellular senescence in human malignant glioma cells. Cancer Lett. 2018, 426, 80–97
Kotowski, U., Heiduschka, G., Kadletz, L., et al. Effect of thymoquinone on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells in vitro: Synergism with radiation. Oncol. Lett. 2017, 14, 1147–1151
Badary OA, El-Din AMG. Inhibitory effects of thymoquinone against 20-methylcholanthreneinduced fibrosarcoma tumorigenesis. Canc Detect Prev 2001; 25:362-368
Kaseb AO, Chinnakannu K, Chen D, et al. Androgen receptor–and E2F1–targeted thymoquinone therapy for hormonerefractory prostate cancer. Canc Res 2007; 67:7782- 7788
Khan MA, Chen HC, Tania M, et al. Anticancer activities of Nigella sativa (black cumin). Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2011; 8:226-232
Koka PS, Mondal D, Schultz M, et al. Studies on molecular mechanisms of growth inhibitory effects of thymoquinone against prostate cancer cells: role of reactive oxygen species. Exp Biol Med 2010; 235:751-760
Yi T, Cho S-G, Yi Z, et al. Thymoquinone inhibits tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth through suppressing AKT and extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathways. Mol Canc Therapeutics 2008; 7:1789-1796
Xuan NT, Shumilina E, Qadri SM, et al. Effect of thymoquinone on mouse dendritic cells. Cellular Physiol Biochem 2010; 25:307-314
Torres MP, Ponnusamy MP, Chakraborty S, et al. Effects of thymoquinone in the expression of mucin 4 in pancreatic cancer cells: implications for the development of novel cancer therapies. Mol Canc Therapeutics 2010; 9:1419-1431
Sethi G, Ahn KS, Aggarwal BB. Targeting nuclear factor-κB activation pathway by thymoquinone: role in suppression of antiapoptotic gene products and enhancement of apoptosis. Mol Canc Res 2008; 6:1059-1070
Ismail M, Al-Naqeep G, Chan KW. Nigella sativa thymoquinone-rich fraction greatly improves plasma antioxidant capacity and expression of antioxidant genes in hypercholesterolemic rats. Free Radical Biol Med 2010; 48:664-672
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Farooqui, Z., Shahid, F., Khan, A.A., et al. Oral administration of Nigella sativa oil and thymoquinone attenuates long term cisplatin treatment induced toxicity and oxidative damage in rat kidney. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2017, 96, 912–923
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İş Ş., Beyatli A. Çörek Otu’nun (Nigella sativa) Biyolojik ve Farmakolojik Özellikleri. Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Lokman Hekim Tıp Tarihi ve Folklorik Tıp Dergisi. 2023; 13(3): 543-552
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Schleicher P, Saleh M. Black seed cumin: the magical Egyptian herb for allergies, asthma, and immune disorders. Rochester, Vermont7 Healing Arts Press; 1998. p. 90
Ali BH, Blunden G. Pharmacological and toxicological properties of Nigella sativa. Phytother Res 2003;17:299 – 305.
Hannan MA, Rahman MA, Sohag AAM, et al. Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.): A Comprehensive Review on Phytochemistry, Health Benefits, Molecular Pharmacology, and Safety. Nutrients. 2021; 13(6):1784. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061784
Ali BH, Blunden G. Pharmacological and toxicological properties of Nigella sativa. Phytother Res. 2003;17:299–305
Cheikh-Rouhou S., Besbes S., Lognay G., et al. Attia H. Sterol composition of black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) and Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) seed oils. J. Food Compos. Anal. 2008;21:162–168. doi: 10.1016/j.jfca.2007.09.001.
Akram Khan M., Afzal M. Chemical composition of Nigella sativa Linn: Part 2 Recent advances. Inflammopharmacology. 2016;24:67–79. doi: 10.1007/s10787-016-0262-7.
Cheikh-Rouhou S., Besbes S., Hentati B., et al. Nigella sativa L.: Chemical composition and physicochemical characteristics of lipid fraction. Food Chem. 2007;101:673–681. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.02.022.
Toma C.C., Olah N.K., Vlase L., et al. Comparative studies on polyphenolic composition, antioxidant and diuretic effects of nigella sativa L. (black cumin) and nigella damascena L. (Lady-in-a-Mist) seeds. Molecules. 2015;20:9560. doi: 10.3390/molecules20069560.
Dabeek W.M., Marra M.V. Dietary Quercetin and Kaempferol: Bioavailability and Potential Cardiovascular-Related Bioactivity in Humans. Nutrients. 2019;11:2288. doi: 10.3390/nu11102288.
Kazemi, M. Phytochemical composition, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activity of Nigella sativa L. essential oil. J. Essent. Oil Bear. Plants 2014, 17, 1002–1011
Ismail, N., Ismail, M., Azmi, N.H., et al. Modulation of hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in human neuronal cells by thymoquinone-rich fraction and thymoquinone via transcriptomic regulation of antioxidant and apoptotic signaling genes. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2016.
Mabrouk, A. Protective effect of thymoquinone against lead-induced antioxidant defense system alteration in rat liver. Acta Biol. Hung. 2017, 68, 248–254
Cobourne-Duval, M.K., Taka, E., Mendonca, P., et al. The Antioxidant Effects of Thymoquinone in Activated BV-2 Murine Microglial Cells. Neurochem. Res. 2016, 41, 3227–3238
Ardiana, M., Pikir, B.S., Santoso, A., et al. Effect of Nigella sativa Supplementation on Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Parameters: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Sci. World J. 2020.
Bourgou S, Ksouri R, Bellila A, et al. Phenolic composition and biological activities of Tunisian Nigella sativa L. shoots and roots. C R Biol. 2008;331:48–55. ; Khader M, Bresgen N, Eckl PM. Antimutagenic effects of ethanolic extracts from selected Palestinian medicinal plants. J Ethnopharmacol. 2010;127:319–324
Al-Ali A, Alkhawajah AA, Randhawa MA, et al. Oral and intraperitoneal LD50 of thymoquinone, an active principle of Nigella sativa, in mice and rats. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2008;20:252–257
Swamy SM, Huat BT. Intracellular glutathione depletion and reactive oxygen species generation are important in alpha-hederin-induced apoptosis of P388 cells. Mol Cell Biochem. 2003;24:127–139
El-Mahdy MA, Zhu Q, Wang QE, et al. Thymoquinone induces apoptosis through activation of caspase-8 and mitochondrial events in p53-null myeloblastic leukemia HL-60 cells. Int J Cancer. 2005;117:409–417
Effenberger K, Breyer S, Schobert R. Terpene conjugates of the Nigella sativa seed-oil constituent thymoquinone with enhanced efficacy in cancer cells. Chem Biodivers. 2010;7:129–139.
Farah IO, Begum RA. Effect of Nigella sativa (N. sativa L.) and oxidative stress on the survival pattern of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Biomed Sci instrum 2002; 39:359-364
Farah IO. Assessment of cellular responses to oxidative stress using MCF-7 breast cancer cells, black seed (N. Sativa L.) extracts and H2O2. Int J Envir Res Publ Health 2005; 2:411-419
El‐Aziz MA, Hassan HA, Mohamed MH, et al. The biochemical and morphological alterations following administration of melatonin, retinoic acid and Nigella sativa in mammary carcinoma: an animal model. Int J Exp pathol 2005; 86:383-396
Samarghandian, S., Azimi-Nezhad, M., Farkhondeh, T. Thymoquinone-induced antitumor and apoptosis in human lung adenocarcinoma cells. J. Cell Physiol. 2019, 234, 10421–10431
Jafri, S.H., Glass, J.; Shi, R., et al. Thymoquinone and cisplatin as a therapeutic combination in lung cancer: In vitro and in vivo. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 2010, 29, 87
Yang, J., Kuang, X.R., Lv, P.T., et al. Thymoquinone inhibits proliferation and invasion of human nonsmall-cell lung cancer cells via ERK pathway. Tumor Biol. 2015, 36, 259–269
Zhu, N., Zhao, X., Xiang, Y., et al. Thymoquinone attenuates monocrotaline-induced pulmonary artery hypertension via inhibiting pulmonary arterial remodeling in rats. Int. J. Cardiol. 2016, 221, 587–596
Hassan, M.I., Mabrouk, G.M., Shehata, H.H. et al. Antineoplastic effects of bee honey and Nigella sativa on hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Integr. Cancer Ther. 2012, 11, 354–363
Ashour, A.E., Abd-Allah, A.R., Korashy, H.M., et al. Thymoquinone suppression of the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth involves inhibition of IL-8 expression, elevated levels of TRAIL receptors, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 2014, 389, 85–98
ElKhoely, A., Hafez, H.F., Ashmawy, A.M., et al. Chemopreventive and therapeutic potentials of thymoquinone in HepG2 cells: Mechanistic perspectives. J. Nat. Med. 2015, 69, 313–323
Palabiyik, S.S., Karakus, E., Halici, Z., et al. The protective effects of carvacrol and thymol against paracetamol-induced toxicity on human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines (HepG2). Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 2016, 35, 1252–1263
Ansary J, Giampieri F, Forbes-Hernandez TY, et al. Nutritional Value and Preventive Role of Nigella sativa L. and Its Main Component Thymoquinone in Cancer: An Evidenced-Based Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Molecules. 2021 Apr 7;26(8):2108. doi: 10.3390/molecules26082108. PMID: 33916916; PMCID: PMC8067617
Wilson, A.J., Saskowski, J., Barham, W., et al. Thymoquinone enhances cisplatin-response through direct tumor effects in a syngeneic mouse model of ovarian cancer. J. Ovarian Res. 2015, 8, 46
Johnson-Ajinwo OR, Ullah I, Mbye H, et al. The synthesis and evaluation of thymoquinone analogues as anti-ovarian cancer and antimalarial agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2018 Apr 15;28(7):1219-1222. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.02.051. Epub 2018 Feb 27. PMID: 29519737
Wilson, A.J., Barham, W., Saskowski, J., et al. Tracking NF-κβ activity in tumor cells during ovarian cancer progression in a syngeneic mouse model. J. Ovarian Res. 2013, 6, 63
Peng, L., Liu, A., Shen, Y., et al. Antitumor and anti-angiogenesis effects of thymoquinone on osteosarcoma through the NF-κB pathway. Oncol. Rep. 2013, 29, 571–578
Shanmugam, M.K., Ahn, K.S., Hsu, A. et al. Thymoquinone inhibits bone metastasis of breast cancer cells through abrogation of the CXCR4 signaling axis. Front. Pharmacol. 2018, 9, 1294
Salim, E.I. Cancer chemopreventive potential of volatile oil from black cumin seeds, Nigella sativa L., in a rat multi-organ carcinogenesis bioassay. Oncol. Lett. 2010, 1, 913–924
Abdelfadil, E., Cheng, Y.H., Bau, D.T. et al. Thymoquinone induces apoptosis in oral cancer cells through p38β inhibition. Am. J. Chin. Med. 2013, 41, 683–696.
Alhosin, M., Ibrahim, A., Boukhari, A., et al. Anti-neoplastic agent thymoquinone induces degradation of α and β tubulin proteins in human cancer cells without affecting their level in normal human fibroblasts. Investig. New Drugs. 2012, 30, 1813–1819
Subburayan, K., Thayyullathil, F., Pallichankandy, S., et al. Par-4-dependent p53 up-regulation plays a critical role in thymoquinone-induced cellular senescence in human malignant glioma cells. Cancer Lett. 2018, 426, 80–97
Kotowski, U., Heiduschka, G., Kadletz, L., et al. Effect of thymoquinone on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells in vitro: Synergism with radiation. Oncol. Lett. 2017, 14, 1147–1151
Badary OA, El-Din AMG. Inhibitory effects of thymoquinone against 20-methylcholanthreneinduced fibrosarcoma tumorigenesis. Canc Detect Prev 2001; 25:362-368
Kaseb AO, Chinnakannu K, Chen D, et al. Androgen receptor–and E2F1–targeted thymoquinone therapy for hormonerefractory prostate cancer. Canc Res 2007; 67:7782- 7788
Khan MA, Chen HC, Tania M, et al. Anticancer activities of Nigella sativa (black cumin). Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 2011; 8:226-232
Koka PS, Mondal D, Schultz M, et al. Studies on molecular mechanisms of growth inhibitory effects of thymoquinone against prostate cancer cells: role of reactive oxygen species. Exp Biol Med 2010; 235:751-760
Yi T, Cho S-G, Yi Z, et al. Thymoquinone inhibits tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth through suppressing AKT and extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathways. Mol Canc Therapeutics 2008; 7:1789-1796
Xuan NT, Shumilina E, Qadri SM, et al. Effect of thymoquinone on mouse dendritic cells. Cellular Physiol Biochem 2010; 25:307-314
Torres MP, Ponnusamy MP, Chakraborty S, et al. Effects of thymoquinone in the expression of mucin 4 in pancreatic cancer cells: implications for the development of novel cancer therapies. Mol Canc Therapeutics 2010; 9:1419-1431
Sethi G, Ahn KS, Aggarwal BB. Targeting nuclear factor-κB activation pathway by thymoquinone: role in suppression of antiapoptotic gene products and enhancement of apoptosis. Mol Canc Res 2008; 6:1059-1070
Ismail M, Al-Naqeep G, Chan KW. Nigella sativa thymoquinone-rich fraction greatly improves plasma antioxidant capacity and expression of antioxidant genes in hypercholesterolemic rats. Free Radical Biol Med 2010; 48:664-672
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İş Ş., Beyatli A. Çörek Otu’nun (Nigella sativa) Biyolojik ve Farmakolojik Özellikleri. Mersin Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Lokman Hekim Tıp Tarihi ve Folklorik Tıp Dergisi. 2023; 13(3): 543-552
Tariq M. Nigella sativa seeds: Folklore treatment in modern day medicine. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2008;14(3):105–106
Pages
69-78
Published
March 11, 2024
Copyright (c) 2024 Academician Publishing Book Portal
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Demir Ö. Çörek Otu (Nigella Sativa). In: Sakin A, editor. Kanser Hastalarının Başvurduğu Geleneksel ve Tamamlayıcı Tedaviler - Tıbbi Onkolog Gözü ile Bakış ve Onkolojik İlaçlarla Etkileşim [Internet]. Türkiye: Academician Publishing Book DOI Portal; 2024 [cited 2026 Jul. 13]. pp. 69-78. Available from: https://www.omp35.books.akademisyen.net/index.php/akya/catalog/book/2380/chapter/13891
